
Common Name	Scientific Name	Category	General Description	Native American Use	Habitat
All-Heal, Heal-All, Self-Heal, Selfheal, Heart of the Earth	Prunella vulgari	Medicinal Plants	Low perenial; to 1 ft. Leaves oval to lance-shaped; mostly smooth; opposite, on a weakly squared stem. Blue to Purple flowers crowded on a terminal head; hooded, with a fringed lower lip; May-September.	Also used for food - vegetable, beverage.	Waste places. Eurasian alien. Old Fields: lawns, roadsides.
Amaranth, Grain, Love-lies-bleeding, Kiwicha (kee-wee-cha)	Amaranthus caudatus	Grain	A staple grain of the Incas, Aztecs, and other Pre-Columbian people. Grows vigourously, tolerates, drought, heat and pests, and adapts readily to new environments. One of the prettiest crops on earth, its broad leaves, stems, and flowers-purple, red, gold - create firey fields that blaze across mountainsides. Grains are scarcely bigger than poppy seeds, one plant produces sometimes more than 100,000 grains. They are flavorful, and when popped, produce a crunchy, white product that tastes like nutty popcorn. High in nutritional value, they are rich in protein.	Generally: Used as snacks, cold cereal, in sweets, as flour, as breading. Used for food - vegetable, winter use.	South American, Andes.
Anemone, Candle, Prairie thimbleweed, Thimbleweed, Cottonweed, Long-headed Anemone	Anemone cylindrica	Medicinal Plants	A perennial, candle anemone grows as small groups of stems up to 2 feet tall from a thick caudex (swollen, toughened stem base). Many of the highly dissected leaves arise on long petioles from the base, but another set of leaves is found at about 2/3rds the height of the plant. From this set grow 1 to 5 long stalks, each with a greenish-white flower about 3/4 inch wide. By fall, the stalks bear cottony fruit heads about 1 to 2 inches long. Fruits are white-wooly achenes. Erect, herbaceous perennial, 3 - 10 dm.; flowering June - August; fruiting July - September. Superficially resembles A. virginiana and A. canadensis. A. cylindrica has a cylindrical fruit head and 3 - 10 involucral leaves, which are petioled. A. virginiana has an ovoid fruit head and rarely more than 3 involucral leaves, also petioled. A. canadensis has sessile involucral leaves. Blooms May to August,; 5 white petal-like sepals. Tall, slender, hairy plant with divided leaves. Fruit is thimble-shaped up to 1 1/2 in.	Also used for: Good luck charm.	Dry open woods and slopes, prairies, sandy ridges, quarries, and roadsides. Maine to B.C., south to NJ, OH, MO, and AZ. Look for candle anemone in lightly or moderately grazed native prairie. The occurrence of more plants under these conditions may mostly be related to increased soil moisture, as the species seems to be little used by livestock. Pine Forest: prairies, dry hillsides, woods, and inland sands.
Aster, Hairy Gold, Hairy Golden Aster, Prairie Golden-Aster	Chrysopsis villosa	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; recumbent, with tips of branches rising 6 to 20 inches, Flowers: July - September. Hair on the leaves gives the plant a grayish-green cast.		Occurs in open, sandy upland sites.
Aster, New England Aster, Large Blue Aster	Aster novae-angliae	Medicinal Plants	Hairey stemed perennial; 3-7 ft. The most showy wild aster in our area. Leaves lance-shaped, without teeth; clasping stem. Flowers deeper violet than most Asters, with up to 100 rays. August - October. Bracts sticky. Numerous (50-100) pink to deep-purple ray flowers (petal-like flowers on the outside of the composite head) and a center of orange disk flowers (tiny flowers in the center). 2 - 4 ft. with hairy stem, with numerous clasping leaves.	Generally: A root tea for diarrhea, fevers.	Moist meadows, thickets. Southern Canada, Maine to uplands of N.C., Ark., Kans., Colo. to N.D. Prairie: occurs in clumps in open habitats like mesic or wet prairies, thickets or meadows.
Avens, Water Avens, Purple Avens	Geum rivale	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 1 - 2 ft. Basal leavs much divided, leaflets toothed, outermost one largest; stem leaves divided into 3 parts. Nodding, dull reddish (rarely yellow) globular flowers, mostly in 3's. May - Aug.		Bogs, most ground. Labrador to W. Va., Minnesota west to B.C.
Baptisia, Wild Indigo, Blue False Indigo	Baptisia australis	Medicinal Plants	Smooth perennial; 3 - 5 ft. Leaves thrice-divided, cloverlike; leaflets obovate (wider at tips). Deep blue to violet flower, to 1 in. long on erect racemes; April - June.	Generally: Root tea as emetic and purgative; cold tea goven to stop vomiting. Root poulticed as an anti-inflamatory. Held in mouth to treat toothaches. Also used as blue dye.	Open woods, forest margins, thickets. Pa to Ga., Texas to Okla., Neb., south to Indiana.
Bean, Aztec (Hopi)	Phaseolus coccineus	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used for food - corn bread, dried, soup, vegetable; Ceremonial item.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Black Tepary (Hopi)	Phaseolus acutifolius	Bean	Wild tepary beans are viny, up to 10 feet long, enabling it to climb desert shrubs. The pointed trifoliate leaves are about the size of lima bean leaves. The pods are short, about 3 inches long, slightly hairy, and green. Later, the pods dry to a light straw color. Seeds, usually five or six per pod, vary in color but commonly are buff colored, flat, and resemble a small butterbean or navy bean. These are beans that ripen prior to harvest and are threshed dry from the pods. Only the ripe seeds are marketed. Four main types are grown as follows: Medium type includes Pinto, Great Northern, Sutter, Pink Bayo, and Small Red or Mexican Red; Pea or Navy; Kidney; and Marrow. Seeds vary in size from about 1/3 inch long in the pea or navy bean to 3/4 inch in the Kidney. All plants are of bush type. They are usually cut or pulled when most pods are ripe, then vines and pods. Season, bloom to harvest: 3 to 3.5 months.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used for food - vegetable, winter use; Ceremonial.	Native to southwestern U.S. and Mexico and long grown by the Indians there. It is highly heat and drought resistant, but eating quality is less desirable than P. vulgaris. Culture is similar to that of other dry or field beans.
Bean, Brown Bean (Mandan)	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well - drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Brown Lima (Hopi)	Phaseolus lunatus (sieva)	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - bean brean, soup, vegetable, winter use, corn bread, dried; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Brown Tepary (Papago)	Phaseolus actifolius	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it.	Southwest.
Bean, Brown Tepary (Pima)	Phaseolus acutifolius	Bean	Wild tepary beans are viny, up to 10 feet long, enabling it to climb desert shrubs. The pointed trifoliate leaves are about the size of lima bean leaves. The pods are short, about 3 inches long, slightly hairy, and green. Later, the pods dry to a light straw color. Seeds, usually five or six per pod, vary in color but commonly are buff colored, flat, and resemble a small butterbean or navy bean. These are beans that ripen prior to harvest and are threshed dry from the pods. Only the ripe seeds are marketed. Four main types are grown as follows: Medium type includes Pinto, Great Northern, Sutter, Pink Bayo, and Small Red or Mexican Red; Pea or Navy; Kidney; and Marrow. Seeds vary in size from about 1/3 inch long in the pea or navy bean to 3/4 inch in the Kidney. All plants are of bush type. They are usually cut or pulled when most pods are ripe, then vines and pods. Season, bloom to harvest: 3 to 3.5 months.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used for food - vegetable, winter use; Ceremonial.	Native to southwestern U.S. and Mexico and long grown by the Indians there. It is highly heat and drought resistant, but eating quality is less desirable than P. vulgaris. Culture is similar to that of other dry or field beans.
Bean, Common	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common (Anasazi)	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food-vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common (Hopi)	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common Culler "Cow Bean" (Hopi)	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food-vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, 800 Year Old Cave	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food-vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Black and White Speckled (Seminole)	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food-vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Black Turtle	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as Food-vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Blue Dye (Hopi)	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Brejo	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as Food-vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Cut Bean Gray and Red Mottled	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food-vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder, Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Four Corners	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food-vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Frejol Bean	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean	Annual.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.
Bean, Common, Golden Red Eye	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food-vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Great White Northern	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food-vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Kidney Bean, Yellow Bean (Mandan)	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as Food-vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Maine Yellow Eye	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food-vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Picuris (Pima-Papago)	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Pinto (Hopi)	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Puppy (Hopi)	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Rabbit	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food-vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Red Bean (Mandan)	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well - drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Red Pinto, Calico (Hopi)	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Red, Black, and White Mottled Bean (Seneca)	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food-vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Shield Figure (Mandan)	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food-vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Trail of Tears, (Cherokee)	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food-vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, White String (Hopi)	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Yellow (Hopi)	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Yellow Bean (Arikara Mandan)	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Yellow Bean (Hopi)	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Yellow Eye Six Nations	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food-vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Common, Yellow Women's	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food-vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Dry Pole (Mennonite)	Phaseolus sp	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Great Northern ( Mandan)	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Great Northern (Mandan? Hidatsa?)	Phaseolus vulgaris or hybrid	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Haba, Fava Bean, Faba bean, Horse bean, English bean, Windsor bean, Haba, Tick bean, Cold bean, Silkworm bean	Vicia faba	Bean	Plants are erect annuals reaching 2 to 4 feet and very leafy. Pods are large and thick, 2 inches up to a foot or more in length. Seeds are large and flat. They are used as green-shell, the seeds removed from the pod before maturity, or as dry beans. They are also used as feed for livestock.	Cooked vegetables and stock feed.	This type of bean is very important as a cool - season crop in Mediterranean areas and in cool regions of Europe, but is grown to only a limited extent in the U.S.
Bean, Lima	Phaseolus lunatus (sieva)	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - bean brean, soup, vegetable, winter use, corn bread, dried; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Lima (Hopi)	Phaseolus lunatus (sieva)	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - bean brean, soup, vegetable, winter use, corn bread, dried; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Lima (Papago)	Phaseolus lunatus (sieva)	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - bean brean, soup, vegetable, winter use, corn bread, dried; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Lima (Pima-Hopi)	Phaseolus lunatus (sieva)	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - bean brean, soup, vegetable, winter use, corn bread, dried; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Lima (Pima)	Phaseolus lunatus (sieva)	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - bean brean, soup, vegetable, winter use, corn bread, dried; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Lima (Potawatomi)	Phaseolus lunatus (sieva)	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food-bean brean, soup, vegetable, winter use, corn bread, dried; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Purple Lima (Pima-Hopi)	Phaseolus lunatus (sieva)	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - bean brean, soup, vegetable, winter use, corn bread, dried; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Red Lima (Hopi)	Phaseolus lunatus (sieva)	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food-bean brean, soup, vegetable, winter use, corn bread, dried; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Red Lima (Seneca)	Phaseolus lunatus (sieva)	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food-bean brean, soup, vegetable, winter use, corn bread, dried; Ceremonial item.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Red Pole (Mandan)	Phaseolus sp	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5-6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Scarlet Runner	Phaseolus coccineus	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used for food-corn bread, dried, soup, vegetable; Ceremonial item.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Shield Bean (Mandan)	Phaseolus vulgaris	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - vegetable, bean bread, soup, winter use, corn bread, dried, fodder; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, Tepary	Phaseolus acutifolius	Bean	Wild tepary beans are viny, up to 10 feet long, enabling it to climb desert shrubs. The pointed trifoliate leaves are about the size of lima bean leaves. The pods are short, about 3 inches long, slightly hairy, and green. Later, the pods dry to a light straw color. Seeds, usually five or six per pod, vary in color but commonly are buff colored, flat, and resemble a small butterbean or navy bean. These are beans that ripen prior to harvest and are threshed dry from the pods. Only the ripe seeds are marketed. Four main types are grown as follows: Medium type includes Pinto, Great Northern, Sutter, Pink Bayo, and Small Red or Mexican Red; Pea or Navy; Kidney; and Marrow. Seeds vary in size from about 1/3 inch long in the pea or navy bean to 3/4 inch in the Kidney. All plants are of bush type. They are usually cut or pulled when most pods are ripe, then vines and pods. Season, bloom to harvest: 3 to 3.5 months.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used for food - vegetable, winter use; Ceremonial.	Native to southwestern U.S. and Mexico and long grown by the Indians there. It is highly heat and drought resistant, but eating quality is less desirable than P. vulgaris. Culture is similar to that of other dry or field beans.
Bean, Tepary (Hopi)	Phaseolus acutifolius	Bean	Wild tepary beans are viny, up to 10 feet long, enabling it to climb desert shrubs. The pointed trifoliate leaves are about the size of lima bean leaves. The pods are short, about 3 inches long, slightly hairy, and green. Later, the pods dry to a light straw color. Seeds, usually five or six per pod, vary in color but commonly are buff colored, flat, and resemble a small butterbean or navy bean. These are beans that ripen prior to harvest and are threshed dry from the pods. Only the ripe seeds are marketed. Four main types are grown as follows: Medium type includes Pinto, Great Northern, Sutter, Pink Bayo, and Small Red or Mexican Red; Pea or Navy; Kidney; and Marrow. Seeds vary in size from about 1/3 inch long in the pea or navy bean to 3/4 inch in the Kidney. All plants are of bush type. They are usually cut or pulled when most pods are ripe, then vines and pods. Season, bloom to harvest: 3 to 3.5 months.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used for food - vegetable, winter use; Ceremonial.	Native to southwestern U.S. and Mexico and long grown by the Indians there. It is highly heat and drought resistant, but eating quality is less desirable than P. vulgaris. Culture is similar to that of other dry or field beans.
Bean, US	Phaseolus lunatus (sieva)	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - bean brean, soup, vegetable, winter use, corn bread, dried; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, US Tepary	Phaseolus acutifolius	Bean	Wild tepary beans are viny, up to 10 feet long, enabling it to climb desert shrubs. The pointed trifoliate leaves are about the size of lima bean leaves. The pods are short, about 3 inches long, slightly hairy, and green. Later, the pods dry to a light straw color. Seeds, usually five or six per pod, vary in color but commonly are buff colored, flat, and resemble a small butterbean or navy bean. These are beans that ripen prior to harvest and are threshed dry from the pods. Only the ripe seeds are marketed. Four main types are grown as follows: Medium type includes Pinto, Great Northern, Sutter, Pink Bayo, and Small Red or Mexican Red; Pea or Navy; Kidney; and Marrow. Seeds vary in size from about 1/3 inch long in the pea or navy bean to 3/4 inch in the Kidney. All plants are of bush type. They are usually cut or pulled when most pods are ripe, then vines and pods. Season, bloom to harvest: 3 to 3.5 months.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used for food - vegetable, winter use; Ceremonial.	Native to southwestern U.S. and Mexico and long grown by the Indians there. It is highly heat and drought resistant, but eating quality is less desirable than P. vulgaris. Culture is similar to that of other dry or field beans.
Bean, White Lima (Hopi)	Phaseolus lunatus (sieva)	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - bean brean, soup, vegetable, winter use, corn bread, dried; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bean, White Tepary (Hopi)	Phaseolus acutifolius	Bean	Wild tepary beans are viny, up to 10 feet long, enabling it to climb desert shrubs. The pointed trifoliate leaves are about the size of lima bean leaves. The pods are short, about 3 inches long, slightly hairy, and green. Later, the pods dry to a light straw color. Seeds, usually five or six per pod, vary in color but commonly are buff colored, flat, and resemble a small butterbean or navy bean. These are beans that ripen prior to harvest and are threshed dry from the pods. Only the ripe seeds are marketed. Four main types are grown as follows: Medium type includes Pinto, Great Northern, Sutter, Pink Bayo, and Small Red or Mexican Red; Pea or Navy; Kidney; and Marrow. Seeds vary in size from about 1/3 inch long in the pea or navy bean to 3/4 inch in the Kidney. All plants are of bush type. They are usually cut or pulled when most pods are ripe, then vines and pods. Season, bloom to harvest: 3 to 3 1/2 months.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used for food-vegetable, winter use; Ceremonial.	Native to southwestern U.S. and Mexico and long grown by the Indians there. It is highly heat and drought resistant, but eating quality is less desirable than P. vulgaris. Culture is similar to that of other dry or field beans.
Bean, White Tepary (Papago)	Phaseolus acutifolius	Bean	Wild tepary beans are viny, up to 10 feet long, enabling it to climb desert shrubs. The pointed trifoliate leaves are about the size of lima bean leaves. The pods are short, about 3 inches long, slightly hairy, and green. Later, the pods dry to a light straw color. Seeds, usually five or six per pod, vary in color but commonly are buff colored, flat, and resemble a small butterbean or navy bean. These are beans that ripen prior to harvest and are threshed dry from the pods. Only the ripe seeds are marketed. Four main types are grown as follows: Medium type includes Pinto, Great Northern, Sutter, Pink Bayo, and Small Red or Mexican Red; Pea or Navy; Kidney; and Marrow. Seeds vary in size from about 1/3 inch long in the pea or navy bean to 3/4 inch in the Kidney. All plants are of bush type. They are usually cut or pulled when most pods are ripe, then vines and pods. Season, bloom to harvest: 3 to 3.5 months.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used for food - vegetable, winter use; Ceremonial.	Native to southwestern U.S. and Mexico and long grown by the Indians there. It is highly heat and drought resistant, but eating quality is less desirable than P. vulgaris. Culture is similar to that of other dry or field beans.
Bean, Wild Tepary (Pima-Papago)	Phaseolus acutifolius	Bean	Wild tepary beans are viny, up to 10 feet long, enabling it to climb desert shrubs. The pointed trifoliate leaves are about the size of lima bean leaves. The pods are short, about 3 inches long, slightly hairy, and green. Later, the pods dry to a light straw color. Seeds, usually five or six per pod, vary in color but commonly are buff colored, flat, and resemble a small butterbean or navy bean. These are beans that ripen prior to harvest and are threshed dry from the pods. Only the ripe seeds are marketed. Four main types are grown as follows: Medium type includes Pinto, Great Northern, Sutter, Pink Bayo, and Small Red or Mexican Red; Pea or Navy; Kidney; and Marrow. Seeds vary in size from about 1/3 inch long in the pea or navy bean to 3/4 inch in the Kidney. All plants are of bush type. They are usually cut or pulled when most pods are ripe, then vines and pods. Season, bloom to harvest: 3 to 3.5 months.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used for food - vegetable, winter use; Ceremonial.	Native to southwestern U.S. and Mexico and long grown by the Indians there. It is highly heat and drought resistant, but eating quality is less desirable than P. vulgaris. Culture is similar to that of other dry or field beans.
Bean, Yellow Flour (Hopi)	Phaseolus lunatus (sieva)	Bean		Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - bean brean, soup, vegetable, winter use, corn bread, dried; Ceremonial.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Bearberry, Uva-Ursi, Kinnikinnick, Common Bearberry	Arctostaphylos uva-ursi	Medicinal Plants	Trailing shrub; bark fine-hairy. Leavs shiny-leathery, spatula-shaped. White, urn-shaped; May - July. Dry red berry. Prostrate, evergreen shrub that forms mats; reddish-brown upright branches reach 7 in. Alternate, leathery leaves are oval or paddle shaped, with the broadest part above the middle. In May and June the bell-shaped, pink to white flowers bloom, crowded at the tips of branches in clusters. Dry, red berry-like fruit matures in August - September.	Generally: Berries were cooked with meat as a seasoning, the root was smoked in a pipe to attract game, an infusion of the pounded plant was used as a wash for rheumatism and for general illnesses, and the leaves were smoked to relieve headaches. Also used as food: dried, fruit, winter use, soup, spice, frozen food, sauce and relish, starvation food, forage fruit, soup, bread and cake. Also used as dye; Ceremonial items; season indicator; protection; waterproofing agent.	Sandy soil, by rocks. Arctic to north U.S. a trailing shrub found in sandy soils and near exposed rock from the Arctic south to the northern tier of American states. Bracken Grassland: sandy or rocky soils in exposed sites in the northern part of the ceded territories.
Beardtongue, Slender	Penstemon gracilis	Medicinal Plants	Perennial from a short rootcrown. In North Dakota, plants grow about 12 -1 8 inches tall. Leaves are narrow, opposite, and about three inches long at the base of the plant, but are reduced in size upwards. The leaves are hairless, but have a few widely spaced teeth on the margins. About 10 - 15 pale violet-blue flowers about 3/4 inch long are clustered at the top of the plant. Capsules about 1/4 inch long contain the tiny, dark brown seeds. Beardtongues get their name from the single sterile stamen that bears a tuft of hairs. This thread-like male organ protrudes from the flower like a tongue.	Generally: Root decoctions of the beardtongues were used for toothache.	Native prairie pastures. Ontario to British Columbia south to Nebraska and along the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains at elevations up to 7,500 ft.
Bergamot, Lemon, Lemon Monarda, Lemon Beebalm	Monarda citriodora [Monarda pectinata Nutt.], literature confuses the two	Medicinal Plants	Annual/Perennial. Strong lemon scent. Whorls of lavender flowers in ascending tiers from July to August. The scented flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees. The plant is self-fertile. It is noted for attracting wildlife.	Used as Food.	Limestone barrens and slopes.
Bergamot, Wild, Purple Bee-Balm, Horsemint	Monarda fistulosa	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 2 - 3 ft. Leaves paired; triangular to oval or lance-shaped. Flowers lavender; narrow, lipped tubes in crowded heads; May - Sept. Bracts slightly purple-tinged. Square stem. Opposite, lance-shaped leaves are toothed and aromatic when crushed. In July and August the pinkish or pale lilac, lipped flowers bloom in large terminal clusters.	Generally: Chewed leaves were placed in the nostrils to relieve headaches, a decoction of the root and flowers was administered for worms, a poultice of moistened dry flowers and leaves was used as a dressing for burns, an infusion of flowers and leaves was used as a skin wash, and the steam of the boiled plant was inhaled to treat respiratory problems. Leaf tea for colic, flatulence, colds, fevers, stomachaches, nosebleeds, insomnia, heart trouble; in measles to induce sweating; poulticed leaves fo headaches. Also used as food-preservative, beverage, special; cooking tools; incense & fragrance; insecticide.	Dry wood edges, thickets. Que. to Ga.; La., e. texas, Okla. to N.D., Minn. Bracken Grassland: clearings, thickets, prairies, fields, and along edges of dry fields.
Blazing Star, Rough, Blazing-Star, Gayfeather, Dense Gayfeather, Button Snakewood	Liatris spicata, L.pycnostachya, L.aspera	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 6-30 in. Leaves althernate, linear. Rose-purple flowers with 25-30 florets, in crowded, sessile or short-stalked heads on a crowded spike; Aug - Sept. Wide, rounded bracts. Liatris spicata (Blazing Star) is a rare wild plant found principally in the southern Appalachians. Another variety Liatris spicata var. resinosa is similar but grows in the coastal plain region in moist pine barrens and savannahs. Cultivated varieties are garden favorites.		Dry soils, prairies. Ohio to N.C.; La., Texas to North Dakota.
Bloodroot, Blood-root, Name Blood Root, Indian Paint, Tetterwort, Red Pucoon, Red Root, Paucon, Coon Root, Snakebite, Sweet Slumber, Dill	Sanguinaria canadensis	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 6-12 in. Juice is orange. Leaves distincly round-lobed. White, to 2 in., with 8 - 10 petals; flowers appear before or with leaves; March - June. Early spring ephemeral, and flowers in April and May. Single white flower has 8-10 petals and is between 3 and 12 in. taller than the leaf. Wrapping aorund the stem of the flower is the single, lobed leaf. The juice of the broken stem is orange or blood-colored.	Generally: Root tea for rheumatism, asthma, bronchitis, lung ailments, laryngitis, fevers; also as an emetic. Root juice is applied to warts, also used as a dye and as a decorative skin stain. Also used for red dye, orange-yellow, yellow; Ceremonial; paint-skin.	Rich woods. Nova Scotia to Fla. east to Texas to Manitoba. Northern Mesic Forest: medium to rich woods and forests.
Bluestem, Big	Andropogon gerardii	Medicinal Plants	Coarse grass; 4 - 7 ft. Large clumps. Stem bluish. Flowers in a purplish to bronze-green raceme. Bristlelike awn (slender, bristlelike appendage) projects from stalkless flowers-stiff, sharply bent, to 3/4 in. long. Awn absent on stalked flowers. Its flowering parts form a three-parted spike resembling a turkey's foot, hence its other common name. Grows to 10 ft.; found in clumps.	Also used for fiber-building material; containers; arrows; toys and games.	Prairies, open ground. Que., Maine. to Fla., Texas; north to Minnesota., Wyo., Sask., Man. Prairie: sandy soils in remaining prairies that are inter-mixed with jack pine plantations and scrub oak thickets. Big bluestem is now being planted along the highways in attempts to restore prairies in certain areas.
Buffaloberry, Silver, Thorny Buffaloberry, Buffaloberry	Shepherdia argentea	Medicinal Plants	Deciduous shrub, thorny, 6 - 10 ft. tall. Summer foliage: opposite leaf arrangement; simple, deciduous leaves; linear to elliptic leaf shape; 1 to 2 long; entire leaf margin covered in silvery-brown scales; pubescent; medium green leaf color; however looks silvery. Flowers: dioecious, yellowish small blooms in early May; not showy. Fruit: yellowish-orange achene, ovoid, up to 1/4 long, matures in July. Bark: young stems covered in silver tomentose older bark brown and flaking.	Used as for food-preserves, forage, pudding, dried, fruit, winter use, porridge; red dye.	Midwestern United States.
Cactus, Prickly Pear Cactus	Opuntia macrorhiza	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 6 - 18 inches tall; Flowers: May - July	Generally: In times of food shortage, Native Americans ate its fruit either raw or stewed. Also used for Food-dried, winter use.	Occurs in native prairie and pasture land, often in overgrazed areas, and on rocky hillsides. Prefers sandy, gravelly or rocky soils.
Cactus, Prickly-Pear Cactus	Opuntia humifusa	Medicinal Plants	Cactus; to 1 ft. Jointed pads have tufts of bristles, usually sharp spines. Large, showy yellow flowers; May - Aug	Generally; Peeled pads poulticed on wounds, applied juice of fruits to warts, and drank pad tea for lung ailments. Also used for food-dried, fruit, starvation; dye; toys & games-cactus game.	Dry soils. Mass. to Fla.; Texas to Minnesota. Our most common eastern cactus.
Cattail, Cat Tail, Soft Flag, Cattail Flag, Cat Tail Weeds, Broad Leaved Cat Tail, American Cat Tail	Typha latifolia	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 4 - 8 ft., forming thick stands. Leaves swordlike. Stiff, erect flowering stalks, topped with yellow, pollen-laden male flowers above hot dog-shaped, brown female flowerheads. May - July. 3 - 9 ft. It has stiff stems and long, thin, blade-like leaves that have a D shape in cross section. Flowers occur from May to July. Female flowers are in a tight, cigar-shaped, brown cluster near the tip of the stem. The male flowers occur above the females on the stem, are thinner and lighter brown, and fall off the stem earlier than the females.The new shoots are edible in the spring, while the roots supply a good source of starch for flour.	Generally: Poultice of jelly-like pounded roots on wounds, sores, boils, carbuncles, inflammations, burns, and scalds. Also used as food-porridge, cakes, mush, dried, staple, vegetable; fiber-mats, rugs, bedding, building material, clothing, basketry; Ceremonial; containers; good luck charm; hunting & fishing; waterproofing agent; cooking tools; decorations-headdresses.	Fresh marshes, ponds. Aquatic: shallow water and in ditches.
Cedar, Northern White Cedar, Arbor Vitae, White Cedar, Thuja, Swamp cedar	Thuja occidentalis	Medicinal Plants	Evergreen tree; to 60 ft. Leaves in flattened sprays; small, appressed, overlapping. Cones bell - shaped, with loose scales.	Generally: Leaf tea for headaches, colds; also in cough syrups; in steam baths for rheumatism, arthritis, colds, congestion, headaches, gout; externally, as a wash for swollen feet, and burns. Inner-bark tea used for congestion and coughs. For malaria, gout, scurvy, rheumatism, menstrual disorders, and coughs. Also used for food -beverage; fiber-canoe material, caulking material, basketry; hunting & fishing-spears, arrows; incense & fragrance-perfume, incense; insecticide-moths; hide preparation; fuel; Sacred; Ceremonial; protection.	Swamps; cool, rocky woods. Nova Scotia. to Ga. mountains; northern Ill. to Minnesota.
Cherokee Canteen	Curcubita foetidissima or Lagenaria siceraria ?	Gourd
Cherokee Club	Curcubita foetidissima or Lagenaria siceraria ?	Gourd
Cherokee Nest Egg	Curcubita foetidissima or Lagenaria siceraria ?	Gourd
Cherry, Choke Cherry, Chokecherry	Prunus virginiana	Medicinal Plants	Shrub or small tree; to 20 ft. Smaller than Black Cherry. Leaves oval, sharp-toothed, midrib hairless. Flowers white in a thicker raceme April - July. Fruits reddish. Small white-arching clusters of flowers appear in May to June, when the leaves are nearly grown. Round fruit is red, purple, or black, has a large pit, and is borne in loose clusters. Fruit rippens in July and August and although it is astringent to taste, it was eaten fresh or dried by Native Americans.	Also used as Food-fruit, beverage, preserves, dried, soup, spice, cakes, pudding, syrup, pudding, winter use; fiber-backrests, lumber, furniture; incense tongs; bows and arrow shafts; fasteners; Ceremonial; paint; season indicator.	Thickets. Nfld. to N.C. Mo., Kans. to Sask. Aspen/Birch: Often grows in a clump of many shoots and is found in open sandy soils such as along roadsides and wood edges.
Clover, Nineanther Prairie, Nineanther dahlia, Plume dalea, Arrow-weed, Slender Parosela	Dalea enneandra	Medicinal Plants	Perennial from a thick, orangish woody base and taproot. One to three thin, smooth stems about thirty inches long form on North Dakota specimens, but plants from more southernly populations are much taller. Stems are densely branched on the upper half. Leaves are only about one inch long and bear three to six pairs of tiny, narrow leaflets that are heavily dotted with dark resin glands. One to three dozen white flowers, each about a quarter inch long, form two rows in narrow spikes about 2 to 3 inches long. Long hairs on the flower bases form silky plumes. The tiny pods (legumes) contain about a dozen smooth, yellow seeds.	Generally: Other Daleas in the western United States were used to dye skins and for teas taken for coughs and colds. Also used as hunting & fishing items-arrows; toys & games.	Dry prairie hillsides, especially in calcareous soils. Reaches the northern limit of its range in the North Dakota counties of Morton, Grant, and Sioux. Elsewhere, the plant can be found from northwestern Missouri southwestward to New Mexico and Texas at elevations below 4,000 feet.
Clover, White Prairie, Prairie clover Toothache Remedy (Comanche, Kiowa, Ponca, Blackfoot, and Lakota)	Dalea candida, [Petalostemon candidus(Willd.) Michx. -ydberg	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 1 - 2 feet tall; Flowers: June - August	Generally: Some Native American tribes used the pulverized leaves to create a medicinal application for fresh wounds. Plant used as toothache medicine, roots are said to have a sweet taste. Also ate the roots or chewed on them as gum. Also used as food-delicacy; Ceremonial items-wind chant.
Cohash, Blue ginseng, Papoose root, Women's root, Yellow genseng	Caulophyllum thalictroides	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 1 - 2 ft. smooth-stemmed; stem and leaces covered with bluish film. Leaves divided into 3 (occasionally 5) leaflets with 2-3 lobes. Greenish yellow to brown, in terminal clusters; April - June, before leaves expand. Fruit bright blue berry type, 1 - 3 ft.	Generally: Infusions and decoctions of the roots, Root tea used extensively to aid labor, treat profuse menstruation, abdominal cramps, urinary tract infections, lung ailments, fevers; emetic. Brew to ease childbirth pains and to relieve cramps. Root taken as a contraceptive and used by both sexes to treat genitourinary conditions. Used widely for rheumatism, anxiety, bronchitis, colic, sore throat and other ailments. The cohash is probably derived from the Algonquian word Kóshki, meaning "it is rough".	Northern Mesic: Moist rich deciduous woods. N.B. to S.C.; Ark., N.D. to Manitoba. Dominated by sugar maple and a small extent contains basswood, yellow birch, hemlock, red maple, and white pine. Northern Mesic Forests.
Cohash?, Black, Rattleroot	Actaea racemosa? Cimicifuga racemosa? Astragalus americanus? Astragalus convallarius? Astragalus allochrous? Prenanthes alata? Baptisia bracteata?	Medicinal Plants			Direct sunlight.
Cohosh, Black, Rattle weed, Rattleweed, Black Bugbane, Rattleroot	Cimicifuga racemosa	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 3-8 ft. Leaves thrice-divided; sharply toothed; terminal leaflet 3-lobed, middle lobe largest. White, in very long spikes; May-September. Tufts of stamens conspicuous.	Generally: Used for menstrual irregularities and to aid childbirth. Research has shown that Black Cohash reduces levels of a hormone associated with hot flashes. Extracts in root used in treatment of menopausal symptoms, particularly hot flashes.	Rich woods. Southern Ontario to Ga.; Ark., Mo. to Wisconsin.
Columbine, Red Columbine, Wild columbine	Aquilegia canadensis	Medicinal Plants	Perenial; 1 - 2 ft. Leaves divided in 3's. Flowers drooping, bell-like, with 5 spur like appendages at top; April - July	Generally: Minute amounts of crushed seeds used for headaches, love charm, fevers. Seeds rubbed into hair to control lice. Root chewed or weak tea for diarrhea, stomach troubles, diuretic. Root tea for uterine bleeding. Also used for: incense and fragrance.	Moist rich woods. Southern Canada southward.
Coneflower, Prairie, Upright prairie coneflower, Columnar prairie coneflower, Long headed coneflower, Mexican hat, Coneflower , Yellow Coneflower	Ratibida columnifera [Ratibida columnaris] Sims	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 1 - 2 feet tall; Flowers: May - July flower has a black, cone-shaped head from which the yellow, ray-like petals droop. This flower's cousin is Mexican Hat. Very hardy and adaptable to different soil types.	Also used for food-beverage; cooking tool-nipple.	Found on prairies, open waste ground, and roadsides. Native to the Midwestern US.
Corn (Cree)	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn (Santa Domingo)	Zia maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Sweet (Mandan)	Zia maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, (1000 Year Old)	Zia Maize (chapalote type)	Corn	The ears are small, with 10, 12, or 14 rows of deep, narrow, chocolate brown kernels.	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	Mexico and the Southwest United States, specifically Sacaton AZ.
Corn, (800 Year Old) Cave	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, (Odawa)	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Amarillo	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Bear Island	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Bear Island Flint (Chippewa)	Zia Maize (Maiz de Ocho type)	Corn	The ancient race Harinoso de Ocho (8 rows of large broad brown or grey kernels) evolved into Maize de Ocho (large-eared) and spread Northward and to the east to become the predominant corn type grown in the Upper Midwest, the Great Lakes region, and the Northeast.	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	Bear Island, Minnesota.
Corn, Blue (Navajo)	Zia maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Blue and White Dent (Cherokee)	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Blue Flint (Mandan)	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Blue Flour (Lenape, Delaware)	Zia maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Blue Flour (Mandan)	Zia Maize, (Maiz de Ocho type)	Corn	The ancient race Harinoso de Ocho (8 rows of large broad brown or grey kernels) evolved into Maize de Ocho (large-eared) and spread Northward and to the east to become the predominant corn type grown in the Upper Midwest, the Great Lakes region, and the Northeast.	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Blue Flour (Winnebago)	Zia Maize (Maiz de Ocho type)	Corn	The ancient race Harinoso de Ocho (8 rows of large broad brown or grey kernels) evolved into Maize de Ocho (large-eared) and spread Northward and to the east to become the predominant corn type grown in the Upper Midwest, the Great Lakes region, and the Northeast.	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Blue Flour (Zuni)	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	New Mexico.
Corn, Burleigh County (Dakota Woman's)	Zia Maize, (Maiz de Ocho type)	Corn	The ancient race Harinoso de Ocho (8 rows of large broad brown or grey kernels) evolved into Maize de Ocho (large-eared) and spread Northward and to the east to become the predominant corn type grown in the Upper Midwest, the Great Lakes region, and the Northeast.	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	North Dakota.
Corn, Capuli	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Chaminco	Zia Maize	Corn	High altitude flour corn. Open pollinated.	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	Peru.
Corn, Chaska	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Cheqche	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Chihuanhuay	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Chullpi	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Confites	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Culli	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Flint (Devils Lake)	Zia maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Flour (Cherokee)	Zia maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Golden Sweet (Chippewa)	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Granada	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Hominy (Oneida)	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Hominy Flint (Iroquois)	Zia Maize (Maiz de Ocho type)	Corn	The ancient race Harinoso de Ocho (8 rows of large broad brown or grey kernels) evolved into Maize de Ocho (large-eared) and spread Northward and to the east to become the predominant corn type grown in the Upper Midwest, the Great Lakes region, and the Northeast.	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	New York state.
Corn, Indian	Zia Maize (chapalote type)	Corn	The ears are small, with 10, 12, or 14 rows of deep, narrow, chocolate brown kernels.	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	Mexico and the Southwest United States; specifically Sacaton, AZ.
Corn, Misti	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Multi Color (Mandan)	Zia maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Northern White Flint	Zia maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Nuetta Sweet (Mandan)	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	North Dakota.
Corn, Oqqueto	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Oto Soft White	Zia Maize, (Maiz de Ocho type)	Corn	The ancient race Harinoso de Ocho (8 rows of large broad brown or grey kernels) evolved into Maize de Ocho (large-eared) and spread Northward and to the east to become the predominant corn type grown in the Upper Midwest, the Great Lakes region, and the Northeast.	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	Nebraska.
Corn, Paraccay	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Peruanita	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Pescco runtu	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Pod	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Red (Winnebago)	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Red Clay (Mandan)	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Red Flour (Mandan)	Zia Maize, (Maiz de Ocho type)	Corn	The ancient race Harinoso de Ocho (8 rows of large broad brown or grey kernels) evolved into Maize de Ocho (large-eared) and spread Northward and to the east to become the predominant corn type grown in the Upper Midwest, the Great Lakes region, and the Northeast.	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Red Flour (Papago)	Zia Maize (chapalote type)	Corn	The ears are small, with 10, 12, or 14 rows of deep, narrow, chocolate brown kernels.	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	Mexico and the Southwest United States, specifically Sacaton AZ.
Corn, Red Oklahoma (Quapaw)	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Red Sweet (Chippewa)	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Saqsa	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Short Ear (Iroquois)	Zia Maize (dent type)	Corn	Fremont Dent is large-eared: A cross of Chapalote (10, 12, or 14 rows of deep, narrow, chocolate brown kernels) and Harinoso de Ocho (ears larger than Chapalote, bearing 8 rows of large broad brown or grey kernels).	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonia; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	Southwest United States.
Corn, Soft White (Pima)	Zia Maize (chapalote type)	Corn	The ears are small, with 10, 12, or 14 rows of deep, narrow, chocolate brown kernels.	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	Mexico and the Southwest United States; specifically Sacaton, AZ.
Corn, Soup (Winnebago)	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Striped, Red-yellow	Zia Maize (chapalote type)	Corn	The ears are small, with 10, 12, or 14 rows of deep, narrow, chocolate brown kernels.	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	Mexico and the Southwest United States; specifically Sacaton, AZ.
Corn, Sweet (Micmac)	Zia maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Sweet (Odawa)	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Sweet (Papago)	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	Sacaton, AZ .
Corn, Sweet (Pawnee)	Zia Maize, (sweet corn type)	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	Nebraska.
Corn, Sweet, Hubbard Bantam, King Philip (Wampanoag)	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	New England: Rhode Island and Mass., primarily.
Corn, Tama Flint (Kickapoo)	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Thunder Flint (Potawatomi)	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Tortilito (Santa Domingo)	Zia maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, USA	Zia Maize (dent type)	Corn	Fremont Dent is large-eared: A cross of Chapalote (10, 12, or 14 rows of deep, narrow, chocolate brown kernels) and Harinoso de Ocho (ears larger than Chapalote, bearing 8 rows of large broad brown or grey kernels).	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	Southwest United States.
Corn, Uwina	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Water Chief Speckled (Mandan)	Zia Maize (Maiz de Ocho type)	Corn	The ancient race Harinoso de Ocho (8 rows of large broad brown or grey kernels) evolved into Maize de Ocho (large-eared) and spread Northward and to the east to become the predominant corn type grown in the Upper Midwest, the Great Lakes region, and the Northeast.	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	North Dakota.
Corn, White (Micmac)	Zia maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, White Flint (Mandan)	Zia Maize (Maiz de Ocho type)	Corn	The ancient race Harinoso de Ocho (8 rows of large broad brown or grey kernels) evolved into Maize de Ocho (large-eared) and spread Northward and to the east to become the predominant corn type grown in the Upper Midwest, the Great Lakes region, and the Northeast.	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	North Dakota.
Corn, White Flour	Zia Maize (chapalote type)	Corn	The ears are small, with 10, 12, or 14 rows of deep, narrow, chocolate brown kernels.	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	Mexico and the Southwest United States, specifically Sacaton, AZ.
Corn, White Flour (Mandan)	Zia Maize (Maiz de Ocho type)	Corn	The ancient race Harinoso de Ocho (8 rows of large broad brown or grey kernels) evolved into Maize de Ocho (large-eared) and spread Northward and to the east to become the predominant corn type grown in the Upper Midwest, the Great Lakes region, and the Northeast.	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Wichita Black Flour	Zia Maize (Maiz de Ocho type)	Corn	The ancient race Harinoso de Ocho (8 rows of large broad brown or grey kernels) evolved into Maize de Ocho (large-eared) and spread Northward and to the east to become the predominant corn type grown in the Upper Midwest, the Great Lakes region, and the Northeast.	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & tishing; toys & games; decorations.	Oklahoma.
Corn, Yellow Flint (Mandan)	Zia Maize (Maiz de Ocho type)	Corn	The ancient race Harinoso de Ocho (8 rows of large broad brown or grey kernels) evolved into Maize de Ocho (large-eared) and spread Northward and to the east to become the predominant corn type grown in the Upper Midwest, the Great Lakes region, and the Northeast.	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Yellow Flint (Pipestone Canada Sioux)	Zia Maize (Maiz de Ocho type)	Corn	The ancient race Harinoso de Ocho (8 rows of large broad brown or grey kernels) evolved into Maize de Ocho (large-eared) and spread Northward and to the east to become the predominant corn type grown in the Upper Midwest, the Great Lakes region, and the Northeast.	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Corn, Yellow Flour (Mandan)	Zia Maize (Maiz de Ocho type)	Corn	The ancient race Harinoso de Ocho (8 rows of large broad brown or grey kernels) evolved into Maize de Ocho (large-eared) and spread Northward and to the east to become the predominant corn type grown in the Upper Midwest, the Great Lakes region, and the Northeast.	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	North Dakota.
Corn, Yellow Flour (Papago)	Zia Maize (chapalote type)	Corn	The ears are small, with 10, 12, or 14 rows of deep, narrow, chocolate brown kernels.	Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	Mexico and the Southwest United States, specifically Sacaton AZ.
Cotton, (Pima-Hopi)	Gossypium hopi	Cotton			Sacaton, AZ.
Cow Pea, Southern Pea, Crowder Pea, Blackeye Pea, Bean, Asparagus bean, Black-eyed bean, China bean, Field pea, Long bean, Red pea, Yard-long bean	Vigna unguiculata	Bean	Cowpea is not a pea but a member of the bean family used for its immature pods, as a green shell or dry bean. Cowpea is available in vining, semi-vining, and bush types. Bush types mature early and are most suitable for home gardens. Plant cowpea as you would lima bean. Captan (fungicide) may not be used on cowpea. Cowpea is ready to harvest for green shell beans when the pods appear firm, plump, and the deep green pod color changes to yellow, silver, red or purple. This is usually 60 to 80 days after planting, depending on the cultivar. The pods mature on the lower portion of the plant first. Pick cowpea twice a week to extend the harvest.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - porridge, flour, mush, dried.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Cream Wild Indigo, Longbract Wild Indigo, Black Rattle Pod	Baptisia bractaeta var. leucophaea	Medicinal Plants	Hairy, bushy perennial; 10 - 30 in. Leaves with 3 spatula-shaped leaflets. Flowers cream-yellow, on showy lateral drooping racemes, with large leaflike bracts beneath; April - June		Dry soils. Ark., Texas, Neb. to Minnesota.
Cucumber, Wild, Balsam-Apple	Echinocystis lobata	Medicinal Plants	Climbing vine with tendrils. Leaves maple-shaped; 5 - lobed, toothed along edges. Flowers 6-petals, in clusters of leaf axils; June-Oct. Fruits solitary, egg-shaped; fleshy, covered with weak bristles. Maple-like leaves and tendrils that allow it to climb up off the ground. Six-petalled white flowers bloom in July to August and each one produces a rather large (up to 2") cucumber-like prickly fruit that soon dries out to release 4 flat seeds.	Generally: Root tea as bitter tonic for stomach troubles, kidney ailments, rheumatism, chills, fevers, and obstructed menses. Used in love potions and as a general tonic. Pulverized root poulticed for headaches. Also used as jewelry.	Thickets. Nebraska to Florida, Texas to Minnesota. Floodplain Forests: a climbing plant of river bottoms and thickets.
Cudweed, Clammy, Winged cudweed	Gnaphalium viscosum [Gnaphalium macounii (Greene)	Medicinal Plants	Biennial herb; flowers July-Sept., fruits Aug-Nov. This species is very similar to the common G. obtusifolium. The leaves of G. viscosum are partly clasping and decurrent as wings down the stem and the entire plant is glandular-hairy or wooly. The leaves of G. obtusifolium are sessile, but not decurrent, and the plant lacks the glandular hairs.		Moist open situations, often in sandy soil; open woods, clearings, pastures, fields. Que. to B.C., south to WV, TN and Mexico.
Culver's Root	Leptandra virginica [Veronicastrum virginicum]	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 2 - 5 ft. Leaves lance-shaped, toothed; in whorls of 3 - 7. Flowers tiny white (or purple) tubes with 2 projecting stamens; on showy spikesp; June - Sept	Generally: Root tea as strong laxative, to induce sweating, to stimulate liver, to induce vomiting; diuretic.	Moist fields. Mass. to Fla.; east Texas to Manitoba.
Currant, Buffalo, Clove Currant, Golden Currant, Fragrant Golden Currrant	Ribes aureum [R. odoratum]	Medicinal Plants	Shrub to 9 ft. tall. Crown irregular. Bark gray to red-brown. Twigs red-brown, glabrous, puberulent when young. Leaves alternate or fascicled, simple, margins orbiculate or cuneate-ovate with 3-5 lobes, glabrous, may be puberulent beneath, light green and glossy, 0.4 - 1 in. long and wide; cuneate to subcordate at base, entire or toothed near the apex. Leaves are light green and glossy. Flowers in short racemes of 5 - 10, with the strong fragrance of cloves; sepals 5, oblong-obovate, calyx salverform; petals 5, reddish, inserted at the top of the calyx tube; ovary 1, erect, stamens 5. Flowers appear April through June. Fruit a berry, 0.3 - 0.4 in. diameter, globose to ellipsoid, black, with numerous seeds, matures June to August. The genus name, Ribes, is derived from the Danish word ribs for the red currant; the species name, aureum, refers to the golden-yellow color of the flowers.	Generally: Some tribes used the fruits to color clay pots. Also used as food-fruit; winter use, dried, cakes, porridge.	Sandy habitats, or rocky slopes and ravines Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Texas, northern Minnesota and South Dakota, west to the Rocky Mountains. Common in central and western Oklahoma. The distribution of golden currant ranges from British Columbia east to Saskatchewan, south to western Nebraska, Colorado, and northwesternTexas, west to Los Angeles, California, and north to the eastern slopes of the Cascade Range. Golden currant is native to the West, but it has been cultivated and has naturalized in the East. The distribution of Ribes aureum var.villosum, formerly Ribes odoratum, ranges from Minnesota east to Michigan south through Tennessee to Arkansas, west to Texas, and north through Colorado to South Dakota. The distribution of R. aureum var. villosum is not considered in the ecosystems, plant associations, and cover types listed here because information is lacking.
Daisy, Easter, Low Townsendia	Townsendia exscapa	Medicinal Plants	Perennial from a branching taproot and rootcrown, and winter as small, compact mounds of evergreen leaves protecting the autumn-formed buds. Easter daisy has no stem, and whole plants are less than two inches tall. Leaves, which are all basal, are one to two inches long, an 1/8 inch wide, and slightly roughened with short hairs, giving foliage a slightly gray appearance. Flower heads are huge relative to the overall size of the plant. In fact, Easter daisy looks like a small group of severed tops of much larger asters or daisies laid face up on the ground. A typical plant has two to four heads about three quarters of an inch wide that touch one another, nearly covering the leaves below. The disc flowers are golden yellow and the rather long ray flowers pink; early April through May. Achenes (seeds) are about three sixteenths of inch long and equipped with bristles to carry them away with the wind.	Also used as Ceremonial "unraveling ceremony".	Dry plains; in a variety of dry soils and occasionally in rock crevices. British Columbia to Nevada and northern Mexico at elevations up to 10,000 feet. The western one fourth of North Dakota.
Dogbane, Dogbane, Spreading	Apocynum androsaemifolium	Medicinal Plants	Grows in clonal clumps. Dies back each season. Shrublike; 1 - 4 ft. Milky latex within. Leaves oval, opposite (paired); smooth above. Flowers are drooping pink bells, rose - striped within; mature into long, thin seed pods (up to 8" long) in leaf axils and terminal; June - July	Generally: Root used to induce sweating and vomiting; laxative; for many ailments. Used in headaches with sluggish bowels, liver disease, indigestion, rheumatism, syphilis. Also used as fiber - cordage, sewing material; Hunting and fishing items-nets; protection; fasteners.	Fields, roadsides. Old Fields; next to forests' edge. Absent from Kans., south of N.C. highlands.
Dogbane, Indian Hemp, Velvet Dogbane, Worm Root	Apocynum cannabinum	Medicinal Plants	Shrublike; 1 - 2 ft. leaves (except lowermost ones) with definite stalks, to 1/2 in. long. Flowers terminal, whitish green, bell - like, 5-sided; June - Aug. Seedpods paired; 4 - 8 in. long. Widely branching with milky juice; 1 - 4 ft. Opposite leaves; oblong; 2 - 4 in. Flowers bloom in clusters June - Aug. Pairs of fruits are long narrow pods.	Generally: Root used to induce sweating and vomiting; laxative; for many ailments. Used in headaches with sluggish bowels, liver disease, indigestion, rheumatism, syphilis. Stems used for fiber, cordage. Berries and root used in weak teas for heart ailments; diuretic. Also used for: food-candy, gum; fiber-cordage, clothing, sewing materials, mats, rugs, bedding; containers; hunting and fishing items - bowstrings, nets, snares, rope; containers.	Prairie: open thickets and on shores.
Echinacea, Coneflower, Purple Coneflower	Echinacea purpurea	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 2 - 3 ft. Leaves oval, coarsely toothed. bristle tips of flower disks orange. Rays typically purple (sometimes white), flowers June-September	Generally: Root (chewed, or in tea) used for snakebites, spider bites, cancers, toothaches, burns, hard-to-head sores and wounds, colds, and the flu.	Open woods, thickets; cultivated in gardens. Mich., Ohio to La., e. Texas, Okla. Widely grown as a flower garden perennial.
Echinacea, Pale Purple Coneflower, Black Sampson	Echinacea pallida	Medicinal Plants	Similar to E. angustifolia, but larger-to 40 in. Rays strongly drooping, to 4 in. long, flowers May - August	Generally: Root (chewed, or in tea) used for snakebites, spider bites, cancers, toothaches, burns, hard-to-head sores and wounds, colds, and the flu.	Praires, glades. Ark to Wisc., Minnesota; east to Okla., Kans., Neb.
Echinacea, Purple Coneflower, Narrow-leaved Purple Coneflower, Narleaf Purple Coneflower, Rattlesnake weed, Snakeroot, Rudbeckia	Echinacea angustifolia	Medicinal Plants	Tap-rooted perennial; 6-20 in. Leaves lance-shaped, stiff-hairy. Flowers with prominent cone - shaped disk surrounded by pale to deep purple spreading rays; June - September. Rays about as long as width of disk to 1 1/4 in.	Generally: Root (chewed, or in tea) used for snakebites, spider bites, cancers, toothaches, burns, hard to heal sores and wounds, colds, and the flu.	Prairies, Texas, w. Okla., w. Kans., Neb.; west to east Colo., eastern Mont., N.D., Man., Sask.
Ferm, Maidenhair, Northern Maidenhair, Sweet Non-Fern	Adiantum pedatum	Medicinal Plants	One of the ferns easiest to recognize, given the arrangement of the wedge-shaped leaflets in a horseshoe-like frond atop shiny ebony-colored stems. A distinctive fern; to 1 ft. Leaflets long, fan-shaped, lobed on upper side; alternate.	Used for fiber-basketry; decorations; containers.	Rich woods, moist limestone ravines. Maine. south to Ga., La.; west to Okla., north to Minnesota. and westward.
Fern, Common Maidenhair, Venus Maidenhair	Adiantum capillus-veneris	Medicinal Plants	Frounds to 20 in.; oblong in outline, mostly twice-compound. Leaflets very thin; wedge-shaped, lobed at apex, stalks delicate, brittle; shiny, dark, scaly at base.		Wet limestone rocks, waterfalls bluffs, usually in shaded areas. Va. to Fla., Texas, and Colo. to Mo., S.D. Introduced as a curio farther north. Found throughout many parts of the world.
Feverfew	Tanacetum parthenium [Chrysanthemum parthenium] (L.) Bernh.	Medicinal Plants	Bushy perennial; 1-3 ft. Leaves pinnately divided into ovate division; coarsely toothed. Flowers daisylike (but smaller), with a large disk and stubby white rays; June - Sept.		Roadsides, waste places. Alien native to the Balkan Peninsula; escaped from cultivation in N. and S. America, most of Europe. Widely grown as a garden ornamental and in herb gardens.
Flax, Blue, Prairie Flax, Flax, Wild Flax, Western Blue Flax	Linum perenne var. lewisii	Medicinal Plants	Perennial with a long taproot. Plants stand up to three feet tall; up to a dozen stems may grow from a single root. Dozens of bright blue flowers about an inch long occur in drooping branches at the tip of each stem. Leaves are narrow and very numerous.	Generally: High fiber strength made it useful to natives of the Pacific Northwest for snowshoes and fishnets. Some tribes also used the seeds for food. Also used for food-foder, seeds in cooking; fiber-cordage, basketry, mats, snow gear; hunting & fishing-nets; soap.	Ranges from James Bay to Alaska and south to Mexico and California.
Fleabane, Daisy, Fleabane, Rough Fleabane, Prairie Fleabane	Erigeron strigosus	Medicinal Plants	Annual or rarely biennial; 1 - 3 feet tall; Flowers:May - July. There are 50 to 100 ray florets which can be white, pinkish, or bluish. Stems clustered, 1 to 3 feet (30 to 90 cm) tall, hairy, with numerous branches from the upper part. Leaves variable, lower ones ovate, upper lanceolate, blade often tapering toward base to form more or less winged petiole. Flower heads 1/2 to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm) in diameter, white to lavender ray flowers surrounding the yellow disk flowers. Seeds 1/16 inch (1.5 mm) long, wedge-shaped, with a tuft of short white bristles at top.		Occurs in open moist prairies and disturbed areas. Old hayfields and thin pastures: fields, roadsides and open woods.
Fleabane, Low erigeron, Short Buffalo Weed (Lakota), Fleabane, Shaggy Fleabane	Erigeron pumilus	Medicinal Plants	Low fleabane is perennial from a taproot and branched caudex (tough stem base or rootcrown). These hairy plants are seldom over 10 inches tall and may be slightly sticky, especially near the base of the flower heads that may be solitary or numerous. Flower heads are about an inch wide and consist of many yellow disc flowers surrounded by 50-100 white ray flowers. The rays can be white, pink, or even bluish. There are usually 50 to 100 ray florets. Fruits are achenes, as in the dandelion. Look for low fleabane from May through August on dry native prairie. Grazing pressure seems to have little effect on the abundance of this plant in western North Dakota.		Found mostly in western North Dakota but once collected in Grand Forks County, low fleabane ranges west to British Columbia and south to Colorado and California at elevations below 8,000 ft.
Four O'clock, Trailing, Trailing Windmills	Allionia incarnata	Medicinal Plants	Prostrate downy plants with forked branches; flowers axillary in 3's, 1 bract under each group. Calyx tube short, oblique, 4-5 lobed; stamens 4-7; 6-40 stems. May trail along the ground for up to 10'. Flowers pinkish-purple, with each cluster of 3 irregular flowers grouped together so that they appear like one regular flower to 1 wide. Leaves simple, smooth-edged, sticky, hairy, oval to 2 long. Stems sticky. Flowers bloom March to October.		Mostly in southwest; S.E Calif. to Southern Colo., south to Texas.
Gaura, Scarlet, Scarlet Beeblossom	Gaura coccinea	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 8 - 24 inches tall; Flowering Period: May - August. Erect, several slender stems branching from the base, strigulose or glabrous. Leaves: alternate, gray-green, 1/4" to 1 1/2" inch long, linear to lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, entire or shallow-serrate margin, pointed tip, fine pubescence on the surface. Inflorescence: spike-like raceme of flowers, 2 - 16 inches long. Flower: Initially white, fading to pink or red, sessile, 4 clawed petals, 4 sharply reflexed sepals.
Gayfeather, Dotted, Narrow leafed blazing star, Dotted Button Snakeroot	Liatris punctata	Medicinal Plants	Perennial from a heavy, taprooted rootcrown. Plants usually are about 10 - 18 inches tall in North Dakota. The narrow, sandpapery leaves point strongly upward and are covered with tiny dots of resin. Bottom leaves are about four inches long, but get progressively smaller toward the top of the plant. 1 to 2 dozen light purple (rarely white) flower heads about 1/2 inch wide form spikes on the upper one third of the plant. July to September. The tiny achenes (seeds) bear a plume of bristles.	Generally: Rootcrowns of this plant were used as food in New Mexico. Roots of some other members of the genus Liatris were used as tonics and stimulants. Also used as a food-dietary aid.	Dry native prairie pastures, especially those with sandy or gravelly soils. Plants are slightly more plentiful in pastures that are not severely overgrazed. Great Plains plant, found from western Minnesota to Alberta south to Arkansas and New Mexico at elevations below 8,000 feet.
Gentian, Bitter Root, Bitterwort, Feltwort, Gall Weed, Pale Gentian, Stemless Gentian, Yellow Gentian	Gentiana sp	Medicinal Plants	Family of flowering plants containing about 74 genera and 1200 species, and for its representative genus. The family is mainly a temperate group. One species, a perennial herb with dark blue flowers, is native to the Alps and Pyrenees and cultivated as an ornamental. Some members of the family are saprophytes (plants that absorb dead organic matter for their food). Members in the same order as the gentian family usually have simple (undivided) leaves that are opposite each other on the stem and flowers with four or five petals united into a corolla (floral tube). The ovary is usually superior - that is, borne above and free from other floral parts - and is composed of two fused carpels (ovule- or egg-bearing floral parts). Most families in the order have food-conducting tissue (phloem) located in the usual position external to the water-conducting tissue (xylem) but also internal to it; this unusual feature helps to distinguish the order. The representative genus is Gentiana. The perennial herb with dark blue flowers is classified as Gentiana acaulis.
Globemallow, Scarletl, Red alse mallow, Globe mallow, Red Globe Mallow	Sphaeralcea coccinea	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 4-8 inches tall; from heavy branching roots. The hairy gray-green leaves are highly dissected and rough to the touch. Under magnification the leaves look like cacti because each stiff hair has five radiating branches. The striking red-orange flowers are saucer-shaped and large for the overall size of the plant.	Also used for food-beverage; protection.	Throughout the Great Plains.
Gourd, Dipper, Short Handle Dipper (Cherokee)	Curcubita foetidissima or Lagenaria siceraria ?	Gourd
Gourd, Buffalo, Wild gourd, Missouri gourd, Coyote gourd, Fetid wild pumpkin, Fetid gourd, Desert gourd, Wild melon	Cucurbita foetidissima	Pumpkin/Squash	Perennial; Stems up to 10 feet long trail along the ground; Flowers: May - September. Buffalo gourd produces a 3 - 4 inch round gourd with yellow and green stripes. The gourd is extremely bitter. The root can grow to enormous proportions - it can weigh up to 88 pounds after three or four seasons.	Also used for food-porridge, fruit, other; yellow dye; ceremonial-paint, rattles; cooking tools; soap; toys & games.	Prefers dry, sandy/gravelly soils of disturbed or waste areas.
Gourd, Hottevillia (Hopi)	Curcubita foetidissima or Lagenaria siceraria ?	Gourd
Gourd, Tarahummia	Curcubita foetidissima or Lagenaria siceraria ?	Gourd
Grape, River, River-bank grape, Frost grape	Vitis riparia	Medicinal Plants	Perennial, high-climbing woody vine. Mature bark is shredding and peeling. The stem pith is interrupted at the nodes by diaphragms up to .8 mm. thick; tendrils are present. The simple leaves are opposite, rotund, 10 - 20 cm., with usually 3 forward pointing lobes. Leaf margins are coarse and sharply serrated. Young leaf blades tend to be pubescent underneath. As they mature, the undersides become green and glabrous with tufts of pubescent hairs between the veins. Panicles are 5 - 10 cm. and support 6 - 12 mm. black fruits which have a waxy bloom (glaucous) at maturity. Can be identified by 3-lobed heart shaped leaf with large teeth. Fruit has waxy coating and is sour tasting.	Used as food-fruit, dried.	Common in floodplain forests, wooded swamps, upland woods, shrub swamps, along riverbanks, fence rows, and on sandy shores and dunes. Floodplain forests: grows along river-banks and shorelines, in addition to wood edges and thickets.
Groundcherry, Clammy Ground Cherry	Physalis heterophylla	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 1 - 3 ft. Stem sticky-hairy; upper part of stem with slender, soft, wide-spreading hairs. Leaves oval, coarsely toothed; base rounded, with few teeth. Flowers bell-like, greenish yellow with a brownish center; June - September. Fruit enclosed in a papery bladder.	Generally: Tea of leaves and roots for headaches; wash for burns, scalds; in herbal compounds to induce vomiting for bad stomachaches; root and leaves poulticed for wounds. Seed of this and other Physalis species are considered useful for difficult urination, fevers, inflammation, various urinary disorders. Also used as food-fruit, dried, sauces & relishes, winter use.	Dry clearings. N.S. to Fla.; Texas to Minn. The most abundant of about 12 highly variable species in our range.
Hazelnut, American Shadbush	Corylus americana	Medicinal Plants	Shrub; to 10 ft. Stems and leafstalks with stiff hairs. Leaves heart-shaped, double-toothed, to 5 in. long Flowers April, May. Fruits with edible nuts encased in beaked, toothed bracts. Flowers before the leaves emerge, wtih female flowers maturing into groups of 2 - 6 round, hard-shelled edibe nuts, each enclosed by a set of bristly husks.Leaves are alternating on the twig, simple and double-toothed at the margins. Small branches covered with reddish-brown glandular bristly hairs.	Generally: Bark tea for hives, fevers; astringent. Bark poultice used to close cuts and wounds and to treat tumors, old sores, and skin cancers. Twig hairs were used to expel worms. Also used as food-soup, bread & cakes, pie & pudding, sauce & relish, winter use; fiber-basketry, brushes & brooms; black dye, mordant (caustic); musical instrument-drumming stick; insecticide.	Thickets. Maine. to Ga.; Mo., Okla. to Sask.. Pine Forest: grows on well drained soils, commonly underneath pine plantations, on ravines next to streams and also invading old fields.
Horehound, Black, Black Stinking Horehound	Ballota nigra	Medicinal Plants	Height up to 50cm. Unpleasant-smelling, hairy perennial of disturbed ground and roadside verges. Widespread and common in England and Wales; scarce or absent elsewhere. Ovate or heart-shaped leaves are stalked. Whorls of pink-purple flowers appear June - September. Black Horehound is taller and more branched than the White. The flowers are reddish-purple and labiated like the Nettle family.		Waysides, hedgerows, and waste grounds throughout Britain, Europe, northern Asia, and naturalised in the eastern USA.
Horsetail, Field Horsetail, Scouring Rush, Horsetail grass	Equisetum arvense	Medicinal Plants	The fertile stems have a short-lived spore bearing cap on top, and are about 6-8 in. tall. The sterile, or non-fertile stems are often much branched, and grow to heights of 1 1/2 ft. Stiff-stemmed, apparently leafless herb; to 1 ft. Internodes elongate; sheaths of nodes with 8 - 12 distinct teeth (the leaves). Branchlets radiating upward from nodes. Fertile stalks without branches to 18 in. Variable.	Generally: Plant tea for kidney and bladder ailments, constipation. Also used for food - forage, fodder; fiber-basketry, scouring material; red dye, light pink; soap; malicious charm; containers; musical instruments; tool - file.	Damp sandy soil. Old Fields: disturbed sandy places, especially along roadsides and railroads.
Horsetail, Greater Horsetail, Scouring Rush, Large Horsetail, Common Scouring Rush, Western Scouring Rush, Branchless Horsetails	Equisetum hyemale	Medicinal Plants	Evergreen, hollow-stemmed, rough-surfaced, jointed primitive perennial; to 5 ft. Variable. The jointed, apparently leafless, rough, finely ribbed, nonbranching stems make it easy to distinguish from other species of horsetail. Dark green stem is bamboo-like, hollow, rough, rarely branced, with about 30 broad gray ridges bordered by a darker color. In summer a sharp-tipped cone tops the fertile stems. It forms thickets. Rootstock is creeping and has numerous branchings.	Generally: Plant tea for kidney and bladder ailments, constipation. Traditionally burned parts as a disinfectant. Also used for food - beverage, dried food, fodder; fiber-scouring material, basketry, mats; insecticide; toys & games-whistles; containers; fertilizer.	Found in moist, sandy soils, along stream banks, moist depressions, and pond edges throughout our range and beyond. Dune, beach, and cliff: low wet areas in woods, on shady slopes, along streamsides, on sandy shores, and in disturbed soil such as along railroad tracks.
Horseweed, Canada Fleabane, Canadian Horseweed	Conyza canadensis [Erigeron canadensis L.]	Medicinal Plants	Bristy annual or biennial weed; 1-7 ft. Leaves numerous, lance-shaped, alternate, linear. Numerous flowering heads are small, measuring about 1/4 in. across, with green disks and small white daisy - like rays; bloom from July to November.	Conyza canadensis varieties.	Wast places, roadsides. Weedy species; growing in old fields.
Hyssop	Hyssopus officinalis	Medicinal Plants	Bushy, aromatic perennial; 1 - 2 ft. Leaves opposite; lance-shaped to linear; stalkless, entire (not toothed). Purple, bluish, or pink flowers in whorls of leaf axils, forming small spikes; June - October.		Dry soils. Locally abundant. Alien.
Indigo, Wild, Yellow Wild Indigo	Baptisia tinctoria	Medicinal Plants	Smooth, blue-glaucous perennial; 1-3 ft. Leaves narrowly cloverlike, nearly stalkless. The leaves turn black when dried. The yellow flowers are arranged in a loose spike located at the tip of the brances; few, on numerous racemes on upper branchlets; May - September. Fruit; small, swollen pod. 3-parted clover-like, grayish-green leaves without stalks. These leaves turn black when dried, yellow flowers arranged in a loose spike located at the tip of the branches. Blooms between June and August; 1 - 3 ft. Fruit small, swollen pod.	Generally: Root tea as an emetic and purgative; cold tea to stop vomiting. A poultice of the root for toothaches, to allay inflammation; wash used for cuts, wounds, bruises, and sprains. Used also as blue dye.	Prairies: Dry open woods, clearings, dry sandy soils. Va. to Fla; less common from south Maine. to Ind., SE. Minnesota. Most prairies were in southern Minn. and Wisc., although some of the central, and NW part of these states within the treaty lands was originally in prairie. The prairie areas have a well developed soil. Tall grasses such as big bluestem dominated the prairies, as well as large perennials such as sunflowers and compass plants. Fires were responsible for maintaining the prairies, preventing invasion by oak trees.
Iris, Larger Blue Flag, Blue Flag	Iris versicolor	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 1-2 ft. Leaves swordlike, similar to those of garden irises. Violet - blue, sepals violet at outer edge; veins prominent; sheaths papery. May - July. 2 - 3 ft. Looks much like a domestic Iris. Showy flowers, bloom from May to July, purple with a yellow blotch on the sepals. Flat leaves are long, narrow, and pointed.	Generally: Poulticed root on swellings, sores, bruises, rheumatism, analgesic agent; internally root tea used as strong laxative, emetic, and to stimulate bile flow. Also used as fiber - basketry, rugs & bedding; protection - charm against snakes.	Wet meadows, moist soil. Labrador to Virginia; Ohio, Wisc. to Minnesota, Man., Sedge Meadow: wet areas such as marshes, swams, bogs, ditches, and lake shores.
Lambsquarter, Lamb-Quarters, Lamb's Quarters, Pigweed	Chenopodium album	Medicinal Plants	Annual weed; 1-3 ft. Stem often mealy, red-streaked. Leaves somewhat diamond-shaped, coarsely toothed; mealy white beneath. Flowers greenish, inconspicuous; in clusters; June-October	Generally: Leaves eaten to treat stomachaches and prevent scurvy. Cold tea used for diarrhea; leaf poultice used for burns. Also used as food-dietary aid, vegetable, soup, dried food, porridge, frozen food, bread & cake, winter food.	Gardens, fields, waste places. Alien.
Larkspur, Prairie, Plains larkspur	Delphinium virescens	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 1.5 - 4 feet tall; Flowers: May - July	Other Uses: Ceremonial items-peyote rattles.	Plains and open hillsides, in all soil types.
Lead Plant, Buffalo bellow plant	Amorpha canescens	Medicinal Plants	The common name may refer to the grayish color of the leaves or perhaps to an old belief that the plant was an indicator of lead ore deposits. 1 to 2 ft; shrubby, meaning they have woody stems and their buds are above the ground, but they can bud from ground level if plants are burned or grazed. Leaves are compound, 2 to 4 in. long, and are composed of - 25 pairs of grayish leaflets along a single axis (rachis). Flowers are born on several terminal spikes. An individual spike may contain 50 to 100 flowers; small (1/4 inch) flower is reduced to a single petal.	Generally: Lead plant and the other Amorphas have been used medicinally by Native Americans who called it buffalo bellow plant' because it bloomed coincident with the rutting of bison. Drunk as a tea or smoked, the plant was used to treat ailments as varied as pinworms, eczema, and rheumatism. Also used as food-beverage.	One of the few native shrubs on the prairies of Minnesota. Lead plant is widely distributed throughout the prairies of Minnesota especially in mesic or dry areas. Prairie: medium to dry open woods and prairies.
Lichen, Parmelia Lichen	Parmelia sp	Medicinal Plants	Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach., Meth. Lich.: 204 (1803). Lichen saxatilis L., Spec. Plant.: 1142 (1753). Type collection (Hale 1987): Sweden (LINN, sheet 127361, lectotype). Syn: P. kerguelensis A. Wilson (Stenroos 1991). Morphology: Thallus adnate to loosely adnate on rocks, less commonly on trees, rarely on soil and moss (US; Sirois et al. 1988), greenish mineral gray to brownish (especially at the lobe ends), with contiguous to crowded lobes, 1-4 mm wide. Upper surface reticulate-foveolate with laminal and marginal pseudocyphellae often forming a reticulate network; isidia cylindrical, simple to sparsely branched and up to 0.5 mm tall and becoming very dense in the older central part of the thallus. Rhizines simple to furcate, rarely subsquar-rosely branched. Pycnidia and apothecia uncommon; spores 16-18 x 9-11m m. Chemistry: Medulla containing salazinic acid and accessory lobaric acid with or without protolichesterinic acid (K+ yellow changing to red, P+ orange). The percentage of specimens with lobaric acid in eNA is about 16%, considerably less than in Europe.	P. physodes--Food. P. Saxatalis--Canoe material.	Distribution Parmelia saxatilis: (map based on 217 sites: CUP, DUKE, HINDS, LAY, MAINE, MIN, NY, US, Crowe 1994, Dey 1978, Gowan & Brodo 1988, Harris et al. 1988, Thomson 1984 [Canada only], Wong & Brodo 1992): P. saxatilis is common in boreal and arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and is also found in South America, Africa, and New Zealand; in eNA it has a distribution like P. omphal- odes but has been found slightly farther south, in Wisconsin (MIN), southern Ontario (Wong & Brodo 1992), eastern Massachusetts (MIN, LAY), and Long Island (NY).
Licorice, Wild, American Licorice	Glycyrrhiza lepidota	Medicinal Plants	Shrubby perennial; 5-9 ft. Leaves compound; 15-19 leaflets, oblong to lance-shaped, glandular-dotted (use lens). Flowers whitish, on short spikes. Fruits oblong, with curved prickles; June-Aug.	Generally: Poultice of leaves infused in hot water to ears to treat earaches. The fresh root was chewed to treat toothaches. Root tea was used to reduce fevers in children. Also used for food; weapon, burs believed to be shot by ghosts inflicting disease.	Prairies, fields. W. Ont. to Texas, Mo. west to Wash.
Lily, Leopard, Panther Lily	Lilium pardalinum	Medicinal Plants	Flowers nodding, bright reddish-orange, purple-spotted on the lower part, the tips strongly rolled back, borne in summer in numbers varying from 6 to 25 in loose pyramidal clusters that top stems usually in whorls, but some are scattered flowers are red and orange with maroon spots. The bulbs of all species are edible raw or cooked.	Used for Food.	A mountain plant, most abundant in Central and Northern California in damp ground and along streams, both in the Coast Ranges and the Sierras, but extending north to British Columbia. Wet meadows and along streams in coniferous forests above 3000 foot elevations.
Locoweed, Purple Locoweed, Lamberts crazyweed, Stemless loco, Purple loco	Oxytropis lambertii	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 6 - 12 inches tall. Flowers: May - August. This low growing plant forms colonies.The flowers can be reddish-purple, rose, pinkish-purple, blue, or purple. The leaves are silvery-green, due to the silky white pubescence. The scapes, (flower stalks), are six to 12 inches tall. Perennial tufted or clumped herb with stout taproot and a branching base; ax-shaped hairs on stems and leaves, those plants with one branch usually shorter; hairs soft and wooly, sparse to dense. Fruit without stalk or short stalk, 8-15 mm long, body oval-shaped, with straight or divergent beak 3 - 7 mm long, body silky throughout; seeds brown, 2 mm long and smooth.	Used also for food - forage, porridge; Ceremonial-night chant.	Found on dry, upland prairies, pastures, hillsides, and river bluffs. Prefers rocky and Shallow soils. This plant has adapted to a wide variety of soil types. It is found primarily on drier prairies and plains and badlands; dispersed to a lesser degree on river bluffs, open wooded areas, and roadsides. Much of the midwest regions of the US.; Southern Alberta and Manitoba south to AZ, NM, and north to Texas, with Ut and Iowa borders; Western two thirds of KS. It can be found throughout ND and primarily in the prairie region of Minn.
Locoweed, White	Oxytropis sericea	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 2 - 12 inches tall; Flowers: April - June. The plant grows in tufts or mats and is covered with dense hair that gives it a grayish appearance. The petals are white or yellowish and the keels often have purple tips.	Also used for Jewelry; headdresses (children's).	Found on rocky prairie plains and hills, gravelly banks, open wooded hillsides, and stream valleys. Occurs in western Kansas.
Maranka	Curcubita foetidissima or Lagenaria siceraria ?	Gourd		Used for food-vegetable, porridge, fruit; Ceremonial; containers; cooking tools; musical instrument.
Milk-vetch, Canada, Little rattle-pod	Astragalus canadensis	Medicinal Plants	The largest of the 21 species of milk-vetch found in ND; specimens over four feet tall have been encountered. Plants are perennial from rhizomes, so clumps of multiple stems are normally seen. Two to five dozen greenish-white to pale yellow flowers occur in dense cylindric clusters (racemes) up to 8 inches long. Each flower is about five eighths inch long. Leaves are green, up to 12 inches long, and bear up to 35 inch-long leaflets arranged pinnately. At maturity the cylindrical brown pods (legumes) are about 1/2 inch long. Clusters of legumes remain upright all winter.	Generally: Pod clusters for rattles. Roots harvested in the spring or fall were eaten raw or boiled. Also used for food.	Native prairie at the bases of hills and slopes. Found throughout North Dakota, Canada milk-vetch blooms in late July. The plant can be found in many parts of Canada, in Siberia, across the eastern United States, and from Texas to Utah.
Milk-vetch, Painted, Loco weed	Astragalus ceramicus	Medicinal Plants	Weak-stemmed perennial from a slender, branched caudex (swollen, hardened stem base). Stems are up to 20 inches long, and can be erect or decumbent. The plants appear leafless, as the long leaves have only a few narrow leaflets and are borne on long slender petioles. A few tiny whitish to purplish flowers form at the tips of the branches. It is the legumes (seedpods) that give painted milkvetch its common name and distinctive appearance. These legumes are up to 2 inches long, inflated, and look like bird's eggs mottled in red or purple. At maturity, the legumes contain smooth brown seeds.	Used as food-candy.	Sandy native prairie or sand dunes that are not overgrazed. Great Plains dweller ranges from Utah and Montana to Texas and Arizona at elevations under 8,000 ft.
Milkweed, Common Milkweed, Milk plant, Wild asparagus, Silkweed, Wild cotton	Asclepias syriaca	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 2 - 5 feet tall; Flowers: June - August, a rose to brown color. Seed pods split open in late summer releasing airborne seed. Leaves and stems covered with fine hair.	Generally: In the spring, many Native American tribes cooked the young shoots and ate them as an asparagus-like food. All parts of this plant are poisonous to a greater or lesser degree. The shoots were throughly boiled with a change of water before being eaten. Common milkweed was also used medicinal by a number of Native American tribes. Also used for food-appetizer, preserves, vegetable, soup, winter use; fiber-cordage, sewing material; hunting and fishing items-bowstrings, deer whistles, fasteners, fish lines; toys and games.	Found along banks of ponds or waterways, roadsides, edges of woodlands, and in open disturbed sites or waste areas. Old Fields; out from the woods' edge.
Mint, Horse, Grassland Horsemint, Spotted Monarda	Monarda punctata [Monarda lutea]	Medicinal Plants	Strongly aromatic (thyme-like scent) biennial or short lived perennial; 1-4 ft. Leaves lance-shaped. Flowers like gaping mouths; yellowish, purple-dotted; in tiered whorls, with yellowish to lilac bracts beneath; July-Oct. The opposite, lance-shaped leaves are aromatic when crushed. The upper leaves are whitish-green to lavender. From July to October whorls of yellow flowers with purple spots bloom in the upper leaf axils. These flowers are set off by showy white or lilac bracts.	Generally: Leaf tea for colds, fevers, flu, stomach cramps, coughs, catarrhs, bowel ailments. Also used for incense & fragrance.	Dry soils. Long Island to Fla.; La., Texas, Ark., Kans. Bracken Grassland: prairies and other dry sandy places.
Morning-Glory, Bush, Manroot, Big-root Morning Glory, Wild Potato Vine	Ipomoea leptophylla	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 2 - 5 feet tall. Flowers are funnel-shaped and up to 3 1/2 inches long. The leaves are quite skinny (length 2 - 8.5 cm, width 1 - 8 mm); flowers May - August. This plant is related to the sweet potato. It has a very large, edible taproot. The ham-shaped taproot is usually 6 to 8 inches in diameter and up to four feet long. There have been reports of roots more than 20 inches thick, with subordinate roots branching laterally up to 15 feet.	The Pawnee, Cheyenne, Arapahoe, and Kiowa used it as an emergency food source. The roots can be boiled, baked, or roasted. Also used for food-starvation food; Ceremonial; Fuel.	Found on sandy or gravelly mixed and shortgrass prairies, roadsides, and disturbed sites. Prefers dry soil. It may be found west of the 97th meridian from the Black Hills of South Dakota to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado to the Texas panhandle. Occurs in western and central Kansas.
Motherwort, Coommon Motherwort	Leonurus cardiaca	Medicinal Plants	Square-stemmed perennial; 3-5 ft. Leaves 3-lobed; lobes toothed. Pinkish flowers in whorls in axils; May-Aug. Upper lip furry.		Alien. A weed. Much of our area.
Mullein, Common Mullein, Mullein Leaf, Great Mullein	Verbascum thapsus	Medicinal Plants	Biennial; 1-8 ft. in flower; produces a rosette of large, fuzzy, gray-green leaves the first year, and an attractive spike of light yellow flowers the second year. Leaves are large, broadly oval, very hairy (flannel-like); hairs branching. Flowers yellow, in tight, long spikes; July-Sept.	Also used for Ceremonial.	Poor soils. Common throughout our area. Alien. A roadside weed naturalized from Europe, it also grows in sandpits and gravel pits; it seems to thrive in the poorest of soils.
Nodding Ladies'-Tresses, Early Ladies's Tresses	Spiranthes cernua, S.vernalis	Medicinal Plants	Delicate, fleshy-rooted orchid; 4 - 20 in. Basal leaves are firm, thick, pale green; leaves much reduced on flowering stalk. Tiny, white, downward-arching flowers in a double spiral; Aug- Nov. Most orchids are relatively rare and should not be harvested. Some are protected by law. S. vernalis blooms in July. The specific epithet cernua is the Latin meaning nodding, referring to the nodding flowers of this species.	Generally: Plant tea as a diuretic for urinary disorders, venereal disease, and as a wash to strengthen weak infants.	Bogs, meadows. Commonly found in moist, sandy, acidic or basic soils. Typical habitats in Wisconsin are moist meadows, lake shores, and roadside ditches. Spiranthes cernua is an early successional species, and is usually found in areas that have been disturbed. Mowing, if done at the right time, simulates disturbance by removing competing vegetation. S. cernua will often persist for many years in mowed areas, such as roadside ditches.
Partridge berry, Squaw Vine	Mitchella repens	Medicinal Plants	Leaves opposite; rounded. Flowers white (or pink); 4-parted, terminal, paired; May-July. Fruit is a single dry red berry lasting over the winter. Low creeping evergreen shrubb, forming mats about 1-2 in. tall. Roundish leaves are small and opposite. In June to July white or pink velvery, 4-petaled flowers appear, and later mature to form round, red berry-like fruits.	Generally: for menstrual pains and cramps, to regulate menstruation and relieve heavy bleeding, and to induce childbirth and ease delivery. Also used for food-fruit, bread and cakes, sauce, beverage.	Woods. Nfld. to Fla.; Texas to Minn. Northern Mesic Forests: found in dry to moist woods.
Pasqueflower, Crocus	Pulsatilla patens [Anemone patens]	Medicinal Plants	A perennial from a heavy caudex (swollen, toughened stem base). Plants are about 8 inches tall and usually have several stems. In spring, the plant is well insulated with fine silky hairs. This plant is unusual in that it flowers when the leaves are just beginning to develop. Leaves are divided into 3-7 narrow segments. The solitary (one per stem) flowers are about two inches wide. Petals are dark lavender to nearly white and the central cluster of stamens is yellow. In fruit, the stems elongate. Fruit is an achene bearing a plume about an inch long. Blooms March - May; large white or violet flowers with 5 - 7 petal-like sepals. The deeply-divided leaves appear after the flowers.		A widespread species, pasqueflower occurs throughout North Dakota and across much of the Northern Hemisphere. Pasqueflowers bloom first on hillsides in heavily grazed or fall - burned native prairies. The lack of old, dead plant material (duff or litter) on these sites allows the soil to warm up rapidly so this plant can get an early start. Prairie: dry hillsides, cliffs, prairies, and open woods.
Pea, Arvejas	Piscum sp.?	Bean
Pea, Yuma Black-Eyes, Cow Pea, Southern Pea, Crowder Pea, Blackeye Pea, Bean, Asparagus bean, Black-eyed bean, China bean, Field pea, Long bean, Red pea, Yard-long bean	Vigna unguiculata Syn: Vigna sinensis (L.) Savi ex Hassk.	Bean	Cowpea is not a pea but a member of the bean family used for its immature pods, as a green shell or dry bean. Cowpea is available in vining, semi - vining, and bush types. Bush types mature early and are most suitable for home gardens. Plant cowpea as you would lima bean. Captan (fungicide) may not be used on cowpea. Cowpea is ready to harvest for green shell beans when the pods appear firm, plump, and the deep green pod color changes to yellow, silver, red or purple. This is usually 60 to 80 days after planting, depending on the cultivar. The pods mature on the lower portion of the plant first. Pick cowpea twice a week to extend the harvest.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used as food - porridge, flour, mush, dried.	Beans grow in a wide range of soils and full sun. Soil should be well-drained, fertile, and friable or crumbly so seedling emergence is not inhibited. Avoid extremely acid soils with a pH less than 5.5. A pH of 5.5 - 6.5 is recommended for growing beans.
Peanut, Hog, American hog peanut	Amphicarpaea bracteata	Medicinal Plants	Annual; a vine (it may sometimes be a perennial). The stem is thin and slightly pubescent. Leaves are alternate; each leaf is divided into three leaflets each up to 3" long but often much smaller. The leaflets are somewhat ovate the lateral ones asymmetrical tending to be slightly rhombic on the outside half. Flowers are irregular in shape and are up to 3/4 inches long. They are purple tinged to completely creamy white. Blooms first appear in late summer and continue into early fall. Flowers closely spaced in drooping racemes. There are also cleistogamous flowers with only vestigial petals from lateral branches low on the stem resting on or under the ground. Fruit: The upper flowers form flat pods with several seeds. The cleistogamous (a flower that does not open and is self-pollinated) flowers produce a usually one seeded, indehiscent, juicy fruit - the hog peanut. Vining from 6 - 60 in. in length. Blooming in Aug and Sept, it has 2 kinds of flowers. One is pea-like, and appears in white, lavender, or pink clusters which mature into curved pods with 3 or 4 beans inside. The other, found at the base of the plant, has no petals, and produces pods with only 1 seed.	Generally: Many Native American people used the root for food and especially the underground fruit or hog peanut. Not only would they collect this peanut from the ground around the plant but would rob the larders of mice that had gathered them. It is said the Dakota would leave the mice corn or some other replacement food when they robbed them of these winter stores. This fruit was prized as a food. Boiled to easily remove the hulls the fruit was then eaten like a nut. Also used as food-bread & cake, vegetable.	Woods and thickets and borders. Range: Most of North America east of the Rocky Mountains. Aspen/Birch Forest: Prairies, meadows, and woods, ranging from moist to dry soils.
Penstemon, Shell-leaf, Large beardtongue, Large-flowered beardtongue, Large-flowered penstemon	Penstemon grandiflorus	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 1.5 - 4 feet tall; Flowers: May - June. Displays stiff, waxy leaves. Large beardtongue will usually not survive outside of its native habitat.		Prefers sandy or loamy prairie soil. Primarily found in east central Kansas.
Pimrose, Evening, Gumbo Lily, Butte Primrose, Evening Primrose, Fragrant Evening Primrose	Oenothera cespitosa	Medicinal Plants	Nearly stemless perennial from a thick taproot. Leaves are about 6 inches long, lance-shaped, and toothed. Flowers, when young, are white, but soon age to a rose or lavender color. These flowers, which may be over 3 inches wide, give the plant an ungainly appearance. Young plants may have one or two flowers and a dozen leaves, but older plants may have a heavy rootcrown bearing a dozen flowers and nearly a hundred leaves. Rough seedpods about 1 inch long form soon after flowering.	Also used as Decorations-sand painting (Navajo).	Bare clay buttes, arroyos, and claypans found in our western badlands and grasslands. Western North Dakota is the easternmost limit of the range of the beautiful gumbo lily. The plant occurs in nearly all of our western states.
Pine, White, Eastern White Pine	Pinus strobus	Medicinal Plants	Evergreen tree, to at least 150 ft. Needles in 5's; slender, pale, green glaucous. Cones cylindrical; to 8 in. long. Bark on mature trees is dark gray and thick, with deep fissures. Flexible bluish-green needles, which may persist on the tree for about 2 years, in clusters of 5 and are 3 - 5 in. long. Young cones appear in June and ripen in the fall of the next year; cones are curved, greenish, and become 4 - 10 in. long. Long-lived trees that often regenerate after a fire.	Generally: Pitch poulticed to draw out boils, abscesses; also used for rheumatism, broken bones, cuts, bruises, sores, and inflammation. Twig tea used for kidney and lung ailments; emetic. Bark and/or leaf tea used for colds, coughs, grippe, sore throats, lung ailments; poulticed for headaches and backaches. Also used for food; fiber-building material, canoe material, caulking material, bedding; decorations; fuel; waterproofing agent.	Common in East from Canada to Ga. mountains; west to n. Ill., c. Iowa. Pine Forest: mixed woods with red pine, red oak, jack pine, white birch and trembling aspen.
Plum, Ground Plum Milkvetch, Buffalo Bean, Buffalo Pea, Indian pea	Astragalus crassicarpus	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; Prostrate, with stems 4 - 12 inches long. Flowers: April - May. Cluster of stems coming from one tap root. Compound leaves are formed by 15 - 25 leaflets with stiff white hairs. Pea-like, purple flowers bloom early June. Mature fruit is two-celled fleshy pod about 1 in. long.	Also used for food-fruit.	Found in all prairie types, rocky open woods, and limestone outcroppings. Occurs throughout Kansas. Prairie: found in western edge of ceded territories on undisturbed soils. It is an endangered plant, rare and protected by law. It should not be collected under any circumstance.
Plum, Wild	Prunus americana	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 3 - 25 feet tall; Flowers: April. This shrub or small tree often forms dense thickets. The branches can have thorns. The flowers usually appear before the leaves, but can bloom when the leaves first appear. Leaves are oval, with coarse teeth and a long pointed tip, the bark is thin and smooth. The blossoms are highly fragrant. The edible red fruit has a thick skin, is sweet and juicy, and matures in August or September. They can be eaten raw or cooked. The Lakota called the moon in August red plum moon, in reference to when the fruit ripens. Wild plum thickets provide excellent wildlife habitat, and help prevent soil erosion with their root systems.	Generally: Fruits used as a food eaten fresh, cooked, or dried for winter use. The Omaha used blossoms as a seasonal indicator of when to plant corn, beans, and squash. The Dakota used plum stones as game pieces. The Cheyenne used branches for the Sun Dance Ceremony. The Dakota, Omaha, Pawnee,and Ponca used bundles of twigs bound together as brooms. The bark was used to make cough medicine, a tea to treat kidney and bladder ailments, and a disinfectant wash. Also used as food-dried, beverage, fruit, delicacy, pudding, cake, sauce, winter use, starvation food, preserves; fiber-brooms; dye-mordant (caustic), red, yellow; Ceremonial; hide preparation; toys & games; Water indicator; Season indicator.	Occurs in woodlands, thickets, and ravines, and along stream banks and roadsides. It prefers deep, moist, well-drained soil and is usually associated with streams. Old Fields: in moist woods, along roadsides and fencerows, in fields, edges of woods, and on open disturbed dry hillsides.
Popcorn (Papago)	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	The Southwest United States.
Popcorn (Pawnee)	Zia Maize Popcorn type	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	Nebraska.
Popcorn, Iroquois	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food; fiber; containers; Ceremonial; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.	New York state.
Popcorn, S.W. Blue	Zia Maize	Corn		Generally: Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for Food; fiber; containers; ceremonial; smoke plant; tools; hunting & fishing; toys & games; decorations.
Potato, Chuno	Solanum tuberosum	Miscellaneous	Peruvian Indian farmers stomp on small potatoes to force out the water and make dehydrated chuno, an ancient staple. About 80 percent water, the potatoes lose much of their moisture before the stomping by natural freeze - drying in frosty nights and warm days. Soaked in water to dissolve bitterness, then dried, chuno may keep as long as four years. When the Spanish reached the Peruvian Andes in the early 1500s, they found the Incas growing potatoes. The Incas had developed an enormous empire with corn, beans, and potatos as staples of their diet. The Inca version of today's potatos included a variety of colors...red, green, pink, lavender, purple, white, and black. The Incas prepared a potato staple called chuno. Potatos were spread on the ground at night and left to freeze. The next day, families came out to stomp on them and press out the water. The procedure was repeated until the potatoes became feather-light and dry--probably the first freeze-dried food. The Andean Indians still make chuno today. Considered by most botanists to be a native of the Peruvian - Bolivian Andes, the potato is one of the main food crops of the world. The edible part of a potato plant is the tuber, the swollen ends of its underground stems. A herbaceous annual, the potato plant can grow to 20-40 inches high. The ends of its underground stems, or stolons, may enlarge greatly to form a few to more than 20 tubers of variable shape and size. The plant's compound leaves manufacture the starch that is stored in the potato's underground tubers. The plant bears white or purplish flowers.		Worldwide.
Potato, Wild, Bog potato, Groundnut, Indian potato, Potato bean, Virginia potato, Wild bean, Ground nut, Rosary root	Apios americana	Medicinal Plants	Perennial vine which grows 1-6 m in length. The vine is killed by frost but the tubers survive winters even into southern Canada. Leaves are alternate, odd-pinnately compound, usually with 5 to 7 leaflets. The flowers are usually pink, maroon or brownish-red. They have typical papilionoid legume structure, are about 12 mm long and occur in compact racemes 75 to 130 mm in length. An explosive tripping mechanism requires insects for pollination. The fruit are 50 to 130 mm long containing 6 to 13 wrinkled brown seeds. The brown-skinned, white-fleshed tubers are on underground stems (rhizomes) in branched or unbranched series. They can vary in diameter from 1 - 20 cm. This climbing plant does resemble sparsely-leaved pole beans and can grow from 5 to 7 feet high. They bear clusters of fragrant, purplish-brown, pea-shaped flowers during the summer. This plant is pretty enough to just be grown as a wild garden subject. This plant grows as a wild perennial from Texas north to Minnesota and to the East Coast.	Traditionally an important source of food. The tubers, which are high in protein and starch, may be used for food after cooking. The large seeds are similar to peas, and are also edible. The Native Americans in what is now eastern United States made extensive use of apios. Apios contains some antinutrition factors, such as trypsin inhibitors, so it should be cooked before being eaten. A few people have shown an allergic reaction from eating apios. This hardy North American plant was valued as food by Native Americans and frontiersmen who compared the leguminous plant to beans because of its pods, and the small, starchy, tubers produced in strings, to potatoes.	Floodplain, forests: moist woods and thickets.
Prairie Onion, Wild Onion, Canadian Garlic, Meadow Garlic, Wild Garlic, Meadow Leek	Allium canadense	Medicinal Plants	Leaves basal, linear, solid or hollow, from a coated bulb; few flowers on slim unjointed stalks in a simple umbel on a solid or hollow scape; from May to June; most are replaced by bulblets, which may bear secondary umbels. The umbel is first enclosed in a 2 - or 3 -valved spathe, which opens at flowering but remains attached. Leaves give onion or garlic odor if bruised.	A tincture is used to prevent worms and colic in children, and also as a remedy for croup. The plant can be rubbed on exposed parts of the body to protect them from insect bites and the bites of scorpions, lizards etc. Also used as Food-vegetable, spice, soup.	Bog garden, woodland, cultivated beds, sunny edge, dappled shade. Low woods, thickets and meadows. N. America - New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Florida and Colorado.
Prairie Smoke, Purple Avens, Torch flower, Maidenhair, Old mans beard, Three-flowered Avens	Geum triflorum	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; to 1 ft. The highly dissected leaves are about 6 in. long and arise mostly from the base. There are usually three long-stalked flowers at the top of each stem. The distinctive appearance of the plant is due to the styles (parts of the female reproductive organs), which greatly elongate in fruit to form purplish-bronze plumes nearly three inches long. Another striking feature is the contrast between the sepals (outer floral envelope) which are dark reddish-purple, and the petals (inner floral envelope) which are yellowish-white. Softly hairy plant, 6 - 16 in. Leaves occur at base of stem and have irregular, paired, jagged segments. From April to June the nearly round pink, red, or purplish flowers bloom in groups of 3.	Generally: Roots used in a tonic goven to women after childbirth. Also used for food-beverage; incense & fragrance.	Native prairies in all but extreme south central North Dakota. The plant is widely distributed across southern Canada and the central and northern United States. Prairie: rocky soil, dry fields, and prairies.
Puccoon, Hairy Puccoon	Lithospermum caroliniense	Medicinal Plants	Flat-topped clusters of 5-pettaled, yellow flowers that bloom in June and July. This plant is covered with bristly hairs with swollen bases (use a magnifying lens), and is different from hoary puccoon (L. canescens) that has silky hairs without swollen bases.	Also used as red dye; Paint-face.	Sedge Meadow: dry, sandy soils, found along roadsides, open woods, and prairies.
Puccoon, Hoary Puccoon	Lithospermum canescens	Medicinal Plants	Perennial, with very fine, soft white hairs; 4 - 18 in. Leaves alternate, lance - shaped. Flowers orange to yellow; April - June. Flowers 5-petaled, in curled or flat clusters; stamens concealed in tube.	Generally: Leaf tea (as a wash) for fevers accompanied by spasms. Wash rubbed on persons thought to be near convulsions. Also used for food-cooking agent; sacred item-white, ripened seed used as sacred bead in the Midewewin ceremony.	Dry soils, prairies. Southern Ontario to Ga., Miss.; Texas to Sask.
Puccoon, Narrow leaved puccoon, Indian Turnip, Gromwell, Narrow Leaf Gromwell	Lithospermum incisum	Medicinal Plants		Also used as food-beverage, unspecified; dye-blue, purple; ceremonial; seed beads; paint-face, dressed skins; weapon-arrow poison (leaves).
Pumpkin, Field (Arikara)	Cucurbita pepo	Pumpkin	Annual. Grows up to 26 ft. long; leaves large and bristly; flowers big, yellow, solitary; fruit large, greenish to orange, and fibrous; seeds have flat shallow grooves.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food - cakes, vegetable, dried, corn bread, pudding, sauce, ceremonial, winter use, seasoning, snack, fruit; protection-against cold; Ceremonial; containers; cooking tools.	Pumpkin is indigenous to North America. It is also cultivated widely, especially in temperate climates.
Pumpkin, Field (Fort Berthold)	Cucurbita pepo	Pumpkin	Annual. Grows up to 26 ft. long; leaves large and bristly; flowers big, yellow, solitary; fruit large, greenish to orange, and fibrous; seeds have flat shallow grooves.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food - cakes, vegetable, dried, corn bread, pudding, sauce, ceremonial, winter use, seasoning, snack, fruit; protection-against cold; Ceremonial; containers; cooking tools.	Pumpkin is indigenous to North America. It is also cultivated widely, especially in temperate climates.
Pumpkin, Field (Omaha)	Cucurbita pepo	Pumpkin	Annual. Grows up to 26 ft. long; leaves large and bristly; flowers big, yellow, solitary; fruit large, greenish to orange, and fibrous; seeds have flat shallow grooves.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food - cakes, vegetable, dried, corn bread, pudding, sauce, ceremonial, winter use, seasoning, snack, fruit; protection-against cold; Ceremonial; containers; cooking tools.	Pumpkin is indigenous to North America. It is also cultivated widely, especially in temperate climates.
Pumpkin, Field (Papago squash)	Cucurbita pepo	Pumpkin/Squash	Annual. Grows up to 26 ft. long; leaves large and bristly; flowers big, yellow, solitary; fruit large, greenish to orange, and fibrous; seeds have flat shallow grooves.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food - cakes, vegetable, dried, corn bread, pudding, sauce, ceremonial, winter use, seasoning, snack, fruit; protection-against cold; Ceremonial; containers; cooking tools.	Pumpkin is indigenous to North America. It is also cultivated widely, especially in temperate climates.
Pumpkin, Field (Papago)	Cucurbita pepo	Pumpkin	Annual. Grows up to 26 ft. long; leaves large and bristly; flowers big, yellow, solitary; fruit large, greenish to orange, and fibrous; seeds have flat shallow grooves.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food - cakes, vegetable, dried, corn bread, pudding, sauce, winter use, seasoning, snack, fruit; protection - against cold; Ceremonial; containers; cooking tools.	Pumpkin is indigenous to North America. It is also cultivated widely, especially in temperate climates.
Pumpkin, Field (Winnebago-Fort Berthold)	Cucurbita pepo	Pumpkin	Annual. Grows up to 26 ft. long; leaves large and bristly; flowers big, yellow, solitary; fruit large, greenish to orange, and fibrous; seeds have flat shallow grooves.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Also used for food - cakes, vegetable, dried, corn bread, pudding, sauce, winter use, seasoning, snack, fruit; protection-against cold; Ceremonial; containers; cooking tools.	Pumpkin is indigenous to North America. It is also cultivated widely, especially in temperate climates.
Pumpkin, Miami Green and White	Cucurbita sp	Pumpkin	Annual. Grows up to 26 ft. long; leaves large and bristly; flowers big, yellow, solitary; fruit large, greenish to orange, and fibrous; seeds have flat shallow grooves.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it.	Pumpkin is indigenous to North America. It is also cultivated widely, especially in temperate climates.
Pumpkin, Oval (Omaha)	Cucurbita sp	Pumpkin/Squash	Annual. Grows up to 26 ft. long; leaves large and bristly; flowers big, yellow, solitary; fruit large, greenish to orange, and fibrous; seeds have flat shallow grooves.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it.	Pumpkin is indigenous to North America. It is also cultivated widely, especially in temperate climates.
Purple Prairie-clover, Red tassel flower, Prairie clover	Dalea purpurea [Petalostemon purpureus (Vent.) Rydb.]	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; flowers between July and August, grows 1 - 3 ft. Showy, thimble-shaped floral spike sports a cluster of crimson to soft pink flowers. Divided compound leaves, each with 3 - 7 leaflets that are dotted with tiny glands. Fruit is a 1 - 2 seeded thin-walled pod.	The Comanche and Ponca chewed the roots for their sweet taste. The Pawnee made brooms of the tough, elastic stems. Also used for food-beverage, candy; fiber-brushes & brooms.	Found on rocky prairie plains and hillsides. More abundant in dry soils. Prairie: western edge of the ceded territories; dry prairies.
Pussytoes, Field, Lessor pussytoes	Antennaria neglecta	Medicinal Plants	Short gray stems with little furry balls unfolding at the tops like white kittens feet. These balls are the tiny compound flower heads of field pussy-toes. The whole plant may be less than 3 inches tall. The whitish-green, spoon-shaped basal leaves lie flat on the ground. Plants may occur individually, but usually are found in small clumps or mats. Fruits are achenes only about 1/16-inch long. Harsh conditions sometimes limit growth to 4 in. Leaves form a basal rosette and are covered with white hairs. White to purple flowers bloom from April to July in a clump on the stem above the leaves.		Open woods and prairies across southcentral and southeastern Canada and most of the central and eastern United States, southwest to Arizona at elevations up to 10,000 ft. Bracken Grassland: dry fields, prairies, and open sandy woods.
Quinua Grain, Quinoa Grain	Chenopodium quinoa	Grain	Grows in the high Andes over 13,000 ft. The C. quinoa plant yields a grain which has been a staple foodstuff in the Andean regions of South America for thousands of years; cultivation was maximised during the period of the Inca empire when quinoa was important culturally as well as nutritionally, but its use declined rapidly following the Spanish conquest. Interest in the crop has revived since about 1975, with increasing areas being planted in South America and markets for the grain being developed in the USA and Europe, initially as a 'health food' but also more recently as a supplier of materials for industrial uses. Quinoa is not a cereal (it is botanically related to sugar beet) and the grain has a higher protein content than cereal grains; industrial interest centers upon the small starch granules, whose properties differ from those of cereal starches, and additionally upon the saponins found in the seedcoat, which must be removed before the grain is used as a food.		Indigenous to Peru.
Rose, Prairie Wild Rose, Arkansas Rose, Wild Rose, Sunshine Rose	Rosa arkansana	Medicinal Plants	Perennial shrub; 1 - 4 feet tall; Flowers: May - August. The petals of the prairie wild rose can be pink, rose, or white. This plant is resistant to drought, due to it's deep root system. The roots can go more than 20 feet down. The plant is covered with prickles all the way up. Alternate compound leaves have 7 - 11 leaflets that are roughly oval and toothed. In May and June the large (2 in. across), pale-pink flowers bloom in clusters of 3 - 10, each streaked with darker pink. Oval or round rose-hip fruit matures in late summer or early fall and is red, with many seeds.	The Blackfoot, Pawnee, Omaha, Dakota, and Ponca are all cited as having used the rose hips for emergency food. Also used for food-beverage, dried, soup, starvtion; incense & fragrance-perfume.	Occurs on prairies, open woodlands, bluffs, roadsides, and thickets. Found throughout Kansas. Dune, Beach, and Cliff: rocky slopes, dry prairies, sand banks, in thickets, and along lakeshores, rivers, and roads.
Rue, Goat's, Devil's Shoestring, Catgut, American Garden Rue	Tephrosia virginiana	Medicinal Plants	Silky-hairy perennial; 1 - 2 ft. Leaves pinnate; 17-29 leaflets. Flowers bicolored-yellow base, pink wings; May - August. Legume (seedpod) hairy.	Generally: Root tea to make children muscular and strong; cold tea used for male potency, and to treat tuberculosis, coughs, bladder problems; leaves put in shoes to treat rheumatism. Root used as fish poison; vermicidal, insecticidal, purgative. Also used as hunting & fishing (fish poison).	Prairies, sandy soil. N.G. to Fla; Texas to Manitoba.
Sage, Lyre Leafed, Cancerweed, Blue Sage	Salvia lyrata	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; to 1 ft. Leaves mostly basal, oblong, cleft (dandelion-like); edges rounded. Purple-blue flowers, to 1 in., in whorled spikes; April - June	Generally: Root in salve for sores. Whole-plant tea used for colds, coughs, nervous debility; with honey for asthma; mildly laxative and diaphoretic.	Sandy soils, lawns. Pa. to Fla.; Texas to SE. Kans., Ill.
Sage, Prairie, Fringed sagewort, Mountain ball sage, Pasture sage, Sweet sage, Pasture sagewort, Little wild sage, Wild sage, Pasture wormwood, Wormwood	Artemisia frigida	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; becomes woody at base. The low lying woody stems form dense mats. Leaves finely divided and ultimately broken into linear segments less than 1/16 wide.	Other uses: Food-spice, forage; fiber - mats, rugs, bedding,towels; green dye; Ceremonial; hide preparation; incense and fragrance; insecticide; toilet paper; tools; protection; hunting and fishing-lures; soap; fuel in smoking skins; decorations; fertilizer - sprigs dipped in water and planted with corn so that it would grow in abundance.	Prairie: very dry open sites that have not been cultivated. Found with pasque flower and side oats. Rare in Wisconsin and on the Watchlist, and should not be collected until its populations have recovered. Thought of as a Great Plains species.
Sage, White, Western mugwort, Man sage, Prairie sage, Western sage, Cudweed, Wormwood, Lobed cudweed	Artemisia ludoviciana	Medicinal Plants	More common than prairie sage (A. frigida). Elongated leaves that are whitened and hairy on both sides, and not divided like prairie sage. 2 - 3 ft. Inconspicuous flowers in Aug., develops seeds as late as mid-October. Highly variable aromatic perennial; to 3 ft. Leaves white-felty beneath; lance-shaped, entire. Flowers in dense panicles; July-Sept.	Generally: As an astringent, to induce sweating, curb pain and diarrhea. Weak tea used for stomachaches, menstrual disorders. Leaf snuff used for sinus ailments, headaches, nosebleeds. Externally, wash used for itching, rashes, skin eruptions, swelling, boils, sores. Compress for fevers. Used in steam baths for rheumatism, fevers, colds, and flu. Other uses: food-spice, candy; fiber-mats, rugs, bedding, building material; Ceremonial;good luck charm; incense and fragrance; insecticide; malicious charm; toilet paper; protection.	Waste ground. Mich. to s. Ill., Texas; north to Mont. and westward. Naturalized east to New England. A weed. Prairie: dry to mesic prairie, along roadsides and railroad right-of-ways.
Sagebrush, Field Sagewort, Tall Wormwood, Western Sagebrush	Artemisia campestris Spp.caudata [A. caudata Michx.]	Medicinal Plants	Smooth-stemmed biennial; 2 - 6 ft. Leaves divided into linear segments, not toothed. Flower stalks very leafy. Flowers tiny, greenish yellow, in drooping clusters; July - October. Short - lived perennial; during first year, field sagewort forms a basal rosette of dissected leaves. Flowering occurs in subsequent years, as inconspicuous flowers bloom in small heads at the top of the stem that grows out from the basal rosette. Erect stems average 3 ft. and are tinged with a reddish-violet color.	Generally: Leaf tea for colds, coughs, tuberculosis. Externally, poultice of steamed herb used for bruises and sores. Also used for: hide preparation, soap, incense and fragrance.	Maine. to Florida.; Texas, N.D., and westward. Dune, beach, and cliff: open dry places such as sandy lakeshore dunes.
Sarsaparilla, Wild Sarsaparilla, Sawbrier	Smilax glauca	Medicinal Plants	Entangling, climbing shrub, with stiff prickles. Leaves with a whitish film; oval, base rounded or heart-shaped; white beneath. Flowers not showy. Berries blue to black; July-winter.	Generally: Stem prickles rubbed on skin as a counter-irritant to relieve localized pains, muscle cramps, twitching. Leaf and stem tea used for rheumatism, stomach troubles. Wilted leaves poulticed on boils. Root tea taken to help expel afterbirth. Also used for food.	Thickets. New England to Florida.; Texas to Oklahoma, Indiana.
Scullcap, Mad-Dog Skullcap	Scutellaria lateriflora	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 1-3 ft. Leaves opposite; oval to lance-shaped, toothed. Flowers violet-blue, hooded, lipped; May-Sept. Easily distinguished from other Scutellaria species - flowers are in 1 - sided racemes from leaf axils.		Rich woods, moist thickets.
Scurfpea, Breadroot, Indian breadroot, prairie turnip, Indian turnip, prairie potato, Indian potato, prairie apple, pomme-de-prairie	Psoralea esculenta	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 6 - 12 inches tall; Flowers: May - June.	Generally: Breadroot scurfpea was probably the most important wild food gathered by Indians of the Great Plains. The tuberous root can be eaten raw, cooked, or dried. By July or August, the leaves and stem break off and are blown away by the wind. Plains Indians dug the tubers before the tops were gone, and often dried them for winter use.	Occurs on prairie hillsides and plains, bluffs, stream valleys, and open woodlands. Found in all but the southwest quarter of Kansas. This plant is not common outside of undisturbed prairie.
Serviceberry, Juneberry, Shadbush	Amelanchier canadensis	Medicinal Plants	An understory shrub or tree, up to 30 ft. tall, that grows in clumps and lives 60 years. The flowers bloom at the same time that shad ascend coastal streams to spawn in the East.Berries are food to a number of birds and animals and are used in making jams, jellies, and pies. Leaves fine-toothed, oblong, tip rounded; veins in 10-15 main pairs, fading at edges. Flowers white, in drooping clusters; late March - June fruits black. Buds twisted; slender and pinkish with dark tipped scales; solitary and elongated. Twigs: rather slender, zig-zag; pith more-or-less 5-angled, continuous, pale. Bark: tight and dark with distinctive vertical lines.	Generally: Root -bark tea (with other herbs) as a tonic for excessive menstrual bleeding, female tonic, Bath of bark tea used on children with worms. Used bark tea of other Amelanchier species to expel worms. Also used as Food-dried food, bread & cake, sauce & relish; Season indicator-blossoms indicate when to plant corn.	Dry to moist thickets, borders of woods, clearings; in clumps; often at the edge of wetlands or streambanks; Chiefly coastal plain Newfoundland to Mississippi, inland across New York; most common and widely distributed plant in New England.
Serviceberry, Saskatoon berry	Amelanchier alnifolia	Medicinal Plants	Shrub ranging from 1 to 6.5 meters in height.	Generally: The name Saskatoon is derived from the Cree word misaskwatomin (mis-sask-quah-too-min), meaning the tree of much wood. Long used by First Nations peoples as fresh fruit or as a winter and travel staple (a dried meat, fat, and berry product, called pemmican), Also used as food: beverage, bread and cake, dried, porridge, fruit, dessert, pies, preserves, snacks, soup, sweetener; fiber: basketry, cordage; Ceremonial items, arrows, toys and games, fasteners.	Canadian prairies as well as the Yukon, Alaska, British Columbia, the northwestern, north central United States, and the Northwest Territories.
Serviceberry, Serviceberry Tree, Downy Serviceberry, Shadblow, Juneberry, Shadbush, Sarvis-tree	Amelanchier arborea	Medicinal Plants	Leaf: Alternate, simple, ovate, pinnately-veined, 1 1/2 to 3 inches long, finely serrate. May be pubescent below when young. Flower: Flowers appear from March to June, before the leaves. The showy white flowers have 5 petals that are 1/2 inch long. Fruit: Ripening in June to August, 1/4 to 3/8 inch in diameter, rounded, red to dark purple when ripe. The fruits are edible and may be the best kept secret in the woods. Twig: Slender, flexible, red-brown in color. May be covered with fine hairs when young. Buds may be up to 1/2 inch long, pointed, covered with scales, usually with hairy margins, light yellow-green to red in color. Bark: Smooth when young, ashy-gray with dark stripes. Later becoming rough with long splits and furrows. Form: A shrub or small tree with a narrow crown.	Also used as dried food, soup.	Downy serviceberry occurs from the southern tip of Newfoundland south to the northern tip of the Florida Panhandle and west to southern Ontario and Quebec, eastern Kansas, the eastern edge of Nebraska, and southern Mississippi and Alabama. North of Virginia, it is found along the coast, but from Virginia south it occurs inland.
Skeleton-weed, Rush Pink, Rush Skeleton Weed, Skeleton Plant, Skeletonweed	Lygodesmia juncea	Medicinal Plants	Perennial, reproducing from long taproot and by seeds. Stem 10 to 20 inches (25 to 50 cm) tall, rigid, much branched, usually tufted, finely grooved, containing milky juice, rushlike. Leaves alternate, narrow, lower ones about 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5 cm) long, upper ones reduced to scales or sharp-pointed bracts making the stem appear leafless. Flowers pink or white, mostly 5 per head at end of stems. Fruits are 1-seeded (achenes), 3/16 to 1/4 inch (4.5 to 6 mm) long, narrow with 8 to 10 ribs on each side of achene.	Also used for food-candy; waterproofing buffalo hides; decorations.	Found in meadows, plains, and waste places, mostly on light dry soils.
Snakeroot, White Snakeroot	Ageratiina altissima var. altissima [Eupatorium rugosum Houtt.]; var. roanensis	Medicinal Plants	Variable perennial; 2-5 ft. Leaves opposite, on slender stalks; somewhat heart-shaped, toothed. Flowers white, in branched clusters; July-Oct.	Root tea for ague, diarrhea, painful urination fevers, gavel (kidney stones); poultice for snakebites. Smoke of burning herb used to revive unconscious patients.	Thickets. Que. to Ga.; Texas to Sask.
Squash (Winnebago WI)	Cucurbita sp	Pumpkin/Squash	Annual. Grows up to 26 ft. long; leaves large and bristly; flowers big, yellow, solitary; fruit large, greenish to orange, and fibrous; seeds have flat shallow grooves.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it.
Squash (Winnebago)	Cucurbita maxima	Pumpkin/Squash	Annual. Grows up to 26 ft. long; leaves large and bristly; flowers big, yellow, solitary; fruit large, greenish to orange, and fibrous; seeds have flat shallow grooves.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used for food - corn bread, dried food, Ceremonial, vegetables, fruit, winter use.
Squash, Giant Indian (20-24 lbs)	Cucurbita sp	Pumpkin/Squash	Annual. Grows up to 26 ft. long; leaves large and bristly; flowers big, yellow, solitary; fruit large, greenish to orange, and fibrous; seeds have flat shallow grooves.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it.
Squash, Green and White Stripped (Omaha)	Cucurbita sp	Pumpkin/Squash	Annual. Grows up to 26 ft. long; leaves large and bristly; flowers big, yellow, solitary; fruit large, greenish to orange, and fibrous; seeds have flat shallow grooves.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it.
Squash, Hubbard (Navajo)	Cucurbita sp.	Pumpkin/Squash	Annual. Grows up to 26 ft. long; leaves large and bristly; flowers big, yellow, solitary; fruit large, greenish to orange, and fibrous; seeds have flat shallow grooves.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it.
Squash, Indian	Cucurbita sp.	Pumpkin/Squash	Annual. Grows up to 26 ft. long; leaves large and bristly; flowers big, yellow, solitary; fruit large, greenish to orange, and fibrous; seeds have flat shallow grooves.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it.
Squash, North Dakota (Arikara)	Cucurbita sp	Pumpkin/Squash	Annual. Grows up to 26 ft. long; leaves large and bristly; flowers big, yellow, solitary; fruit large, greenish to orange, and fibrous; seeds have flat shallow grooves.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it.
Squash, Winter (Winnebago)	Cucurbita maxima	Pumpkin/Squash	Annual. Grows up to 26 ft. long; leaves large and bristly; flowers big, yellow, solitary; fruit large, greenish to orange, and fibrous; seeds have flat shallow grooves.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it. Used for food - corn bread, dried food, Ceremonial, vegetables, fruit, winter use.
Squash, Zuchini like (Mandan)	Cucurbita sp	Pumpkin/Squash	Annual. Grows up to 26 ft. long; leaves large and bristly; flowers big, yellow, solitary; fruit large, greenish to orange, and fibrous; seeds have flat shallow grooves.	Pumpkins and other species of squash, along with beans and corn, are considered the three sisters and are planted together. The bean vines use the cornstalks as supports and fixed nitrogen in the soil. The large squash leaves shade the soil and help hold moisture in it.
St. John's Wort, Common St. John's Wort, Klamath weed	Hypericum perforatum	Medicinal Plants	Perennial; 1-3 ft. Leaves oblong, dotted with translucent glands. Flowers yellow, stamens in a bushy cluster, 5 petals with black dots on margins. Flowers June-Sept. Aromatic weed.	Generally to treat minor cuts, premenstrual syndrome, rheumatism, diarrhea, fevers, snakebite, and skin disorders.	Fields, roadsides. Alien (Europe).
Strawberry, Wild, Common Strawberry, Virginia Strawberry, Blue-leaved Wild Strawberry	Fragaria virginiana	Medicinal Plants	3 toothed leaflets and a hairy stem; grows 3 - 6 in. tall; blooms April - June; white flowers ave 5 petals born on a separate stalk from the leaves; edible fruit is small, red and much sought after. Perennial, with runners. flowers white; calyx lobes spreading or recurved. Flowers May - August. Generally larger than Wood Strawberry; leaves more rounded, seeds embedded in fruits.	Generally: Leaf tea as nerve tonic. Also used to treat bladder and kidney ailments, jaundice, scurvy, diarrhea, stomachaches, gout. Used also as food-fruit, preserves, beverage, sauce & relish, snack food, bread & cake, dried, winter use; Ceremonial.	Fields, openings. Old Fields: meadows, and other open sunny places.
Sumac, Fragrant, Stinking Sumac, White Sumac, Skunkbush	Rhus aromatica	Medicinal Plants	Bush or shrub; 2 - 7 ft. Leaves 3-parted, fragrant, blunt-toothed; end leaflet not stalked. Flowers small. Fruits very oily to touch; hairy, red; May - August. Highly variable.	Generally: Leaves for colds, bleeding; chewed leaves for stomachaches; diuretic. The patient chewed the bark for colds and slowly swallowed juice. Fruits chewed for toothaches, stomachaches, and grippe. Also used for food-fruit; smoke plant (Lakota).	Dry soil. Western Vermont. to NW. Fla.; Texas to S.D. and westward.
Sunflower (Arikara)	Helianthus sp	Sunflower	Annual; 6 - 10 ft. Leaves mostly alternate, rough-hairy, broadly heart - or spade-shaped. Flowers orange-yellow; disk flat; July-Oct.	Flower tea for lung ailments, malaria. Leaf tea taken for high fevers; astringent; poultice on snakebites and spider bites. Seeds and leaves said to be duretic, expectorant.	Prairies, roadsides. Minnestoa to Texas; escaped elsewhere. Wild parent of our domesticated sunflower.
Sunflower (Dakota)	Helianthus sp	Sunflower	Annual; 6 -10 ft. Leaves mostly alternate, rough-hairy, broadly heart - or spade-shaped. Flowers orange-yellow; disk flat; July - October	Flower tea for lung ailments, malaria. Leaf tea taken for high fevers; astringent; poultice on snakebites and spider bites. Seeds and leaves said to be duretic, expectorant.	Prairies, roadsides. Minnesota to Texas; escaped elsewhere. Wild parent of our domesticated sunflower.
Sunflower (Mandan)	Helianthus sp. (is either: H. annuus, H. anomalus, or H. potiolaris)	Sunflower	Annual; 6 - 10 ft. Leaves mostly alternate, rough-hairy, broadly heart, or spade shaped. Flowers orange - yellow; disk flat; July - October	Generally: Flower tea for lung ailments, malaria. Leaf tea taken for high fevers; astringent; poultice on snakebites and spider bites. Seeds and leaves said to be duretic, expectorant. Also used for Food-bread & cakes, sauces & relishes, staple, cooking agent, fodder, winter use, porridge, candy, dried; fiber - building material; red dye; decorations; ceremonial; soap; hunting & fishing items-bird snares; lighting.	Prairies, roadsides, Minn. to Texas; escaped elsewhere. Wild parent of our domesticated sunflower.
Sunflower, Arikara, Common Sunflower	Helianthus annuus	Sunflower	Annual; 6 - 10 ft. Leaves mostly alternate, rough-hairy, broadly heart, or spade shaped. Flowers orange - yellow; disk flat; July - October	Generally: Flower tea for lung ailments, malaria. Leaf tea taken for high fevers; astringent; poultice on snakebites and spider bites. Seeds and leaves said to be duretic, expectorant. Also used for food-bread & cakes, sauces & relishes, staple, cooking agent, fodder, winter use, porridge, candy, dried; fiber-building material; red dye; decorations; Ceremonial; soap; hunting & fishing items-bird snares; lighting.	Prairies, roadsides, Minn. to Texas; escaped elsewhere. Wild parent of our domesticated sunflower.
Sunflower, Black Dye (Hopi)	Helianthus sp	Sunflower	Annual; 6-10 ft. Leaves mostly alternate, rough-hairy, broadly heart- or spade-shaped. Flowers orange-yellow; disk flat; July-October	Flower tea for lung ailments, malaria. Leaf tea taken for high fevers; astringent; poultice on snakebites and spider bites. Seeds and leaves said to be duretic, expectorant.	Prairies, roadsides. Minn. to Texas; escaped elsewhere. Wild parent of our domesticated sunflower.
Sunflower, Buffalo Bird Woman	Helianthus sp	Sunflower	Annual; 6 -10 ft. Leaves mostly alternate, rough-hairy, broadly heart- or spade-shaped. Flowers orange-yellow; disk flat; July - October	Flower tea for lung ailments, malaria. Leaf tea taken for high fevers; astringent; poultice on snakebites and spider bites. Seeds and leaves said to be duretic, expectorant.	Prairies, roadsides. Minnesota to Texas; escaped elsewhere. Wild parent of our domesticated sunflower.
Sunflower, Common (Arikara)	Helianthus annuus	Sunflower	Annual; 6 - 10 ft. Leaves mostly alternate, rough - hairy, broadly heart, or spade shaped. Flowers orange - yellow; disk flat; July - October	Generally: Flower tea for lung ailments, malaria. Leaf tea taken for high fevers; astringent; poultice on snakebites and spider bites. Seeds and leaves said to be duretic, expectorant. Also used for food-bread & cakes, sauces & relishes, staple, cooking agent, fodder, winter use, porridge, candy, dried; fiber - building material; red dye; decorations; Ceremonial; soap; hunting & fishing items - bird snares; lighting.	Prairies, roadsides. Minnesota to Texas; escaped elsewhere. Wild parent of our domesticated sunflower.
Sunflower, Common (Hopi)	Helianthus annuus	Sunflower	Annual; 6 - 10 ft. Leaves mostly alternate, rough-hairy, broadly heart, or spade shaped. Flowers orange - yellow; disk flat; July - October	Generally: Flower tea for lung ailments, malaria. Leaf tea taken for high fevers; astringent; poultice on snakebites and spider bites. Seeds and leaves said to be duretic, expectorant. Also used for food-bread & cakes, sauces & relishes, staple, cooking agent, fodder, winter use, porridge, candy, dried; fiber - building material; red dye; decorations; Ceremonial; soap; hunting & fishing items - bird snares; lighting.	Prairies, roadsides, Minn. to Texas; escaped elsewhere. Wild parent of our domesticated sunflower.
Sunflower, Common (Seneca purple)	Helianthus annuus	Sunflower	Annual; 6 - 10 ft. Leaves mostly alternate, rough-hairy, broadly heart, or spade shaped. Flowers orange - yellow; disk flat; July - October	Generally: Flower tea for lung ailments, malaria. Leaf tea taken for high fevers; astringent; poultice on snakebites and spider bites. Seeds and leaves said to be duretic, expectorant. Also used for food-bread & cakes, sauces & relishes, staple, cooking agent, fodder, winter use, porridge, candy, dried; fiber - building material; red dye; decorations; ceremonial; soap; hunting & fishing items-bird snares; lighting.	Prairies, roadsides, Minn. to Texas; escaped elsewhere. Wild parent of our domesticated sunflower.
Sunflower, Common Sunflower (Hopi)	Helianthus annuus	Sunflower	Annual; 6 - 10 ft. Leaves mostly alternate, rough - hairy, broadly heart, or spade shaped. Flowers orange - yellow; disk flat; July - October	Generally: Flower tea for lung ailments, malaria. Leaf tea taken for high fevers; astringent; poultice on snakebites and spider bites. Seeds and leaves said to be duretic, expectorant. Also used for food-bread & cakes, sauces & relishes, staple, cooking agent, fodder, winter use, porridge, candy, dried; fiber-building material; red dye; decorations; Ceremonial; soap; hunting & fishing Items-bird snares; lighting; smoking tools.	Prairies, roadsides, Minn. to Texas; escaped elsewhere. Wild parent of our domesticated sunflower.
Sunflower, Common Wild	Helianthus annuus	Sunflower	Annual; 6 - 10 ft. Leaves mostly alternate, rough-hairy, broadly heart, or spade shaped. Flowers orange - yellow; disk flat; July - October	Generally: Flower tea for lung ailments, malaria. Leaf tea taken for high fevers; astringent; poultice on snakebites and spider bites. Seeds and leaves said to be duretic, expectorant. Also used for food - bread & cakes, sauces & relishes, staple, cooking agent, fodder, winter use, porridge, candy, dried; fiber - building material; red dye; decorations; Ceremonial; soap; hunting & fishing items-bird snares; Lighting.	Prairies, roadsides. Minnesota to Texas; escaped elsewhere. Wild parent of our domesticated sunflower.
Sunflower, Madeline Island WI. (Chippewa)	Helianthus sp	Sunflower	Annual; 6-10 ft. Leaves mostly alternate, rough - hairy, broadly heart - or spade - shaped. Flowers orange-yellow; disk flat; July - October	Flower tea for lung ailments, malaria. Leaf tea taken for high fevers; astringent; poultice on snakebites and spider bites. Seeds and leaves said to be duretic, expectorant.	Prairies, roadsides. Minnesota to Texas; escaped elsewhere. Wild parent of our domesticated sunflower.
Sunflower, Moves Slowly (Mandan)	Helianthus sp	Sunflower	Annual; 6-10 ft. Leaves mostly alternate, rough-hairy, broadly heart - or spade-shaped. Flowers orange-yellow; disk flat; July - October	Flower tea for lung ailments, malaria. Leaf tea taken for high fevers; astringent; poultice on snakebites and spider bites. Seeds and leaves said to be duretic, expectorant.	Prairies, roadsides. Minnesota to Texas; escaped elsewhere. Wild parent of our domesticated sunflower.
Sunflower, White (Tarahumara)	Helianthus sp	Sunflower	Annual; 6-10 ft. Leaves mostly alternate, rough-hairy, broadly heart- or spade-shaped. Flowers orange-yellow; disk flat; July-October	Flower tea for lung ailments, malaria. Leaf tea taken for high fevers; astringent; poultice on snakebites and spider bites. Seeds and leaves said to be duretic, expectorant.	Prairies, roadsides. Minn. to Texas; escaped elsewhere. Wild parent of our domesticated sunflower.
Sunflower, Wild Sunflower, Common Sunflower	Helianthus annuus	Sunflower	Annual; 6 - 10 ft. Leaves mostly alternate, rough-hairy, broadly heart - or spade-shaped. Flowers orange-yellow; disk flat; July - October	Generally: Flower tea for lung ailments, malaria. Leaf tea taken for high fevers; astringent; poultice on snakebites and spider bites. Seeds and leaves said to be duretic, expectorant. Also used for food-bread & cakes, sauces & relishes, staple, cooking agent, fodder, winter use, porridge, candy, dried; fiber-building material; red dye; decorations; Ceremonial; soap; hunting & fishing items-bird snares; lighting.	Prairies, roadsides. Minnesota to Texas; escaped elsewhere. Wild parent of our domesticated sunflower.
Sweatmint		Medicinal Plants
Sweet Grass, Sweetgrass	Hierochloe odorata	Medicinal Plants	Vanilla-scented grass; 10-24 in. Spreads on slender, creeping rhizomes. Leaf clumps arise from dead foliage of previous year and wither soon after flowering. Flowers in pyramid-shaped clusters. Stems occur singly or a few in a bunch along creeping underground stems (rhizomes). Flowering structures occur as loose spikes of golden-brown grains in early summer. Long leaves produced later in the summer contain coumarin, a sweet-smelling vanilla-like compound that gives this species its name.	Generally: As incense for ceremonies. Tea used for coughs, sore throats, chafing, venereal infections; to stop vaginal bleeding, expel afterbirth. Also used for: fiber-basketry, stuffing for pillows and bedding; Ceremonial; paint; insecticide; soap; incense & fragrance; toys & games-braided grass.	Meadows: N.S. to Pa., Ohio, Iowa, S.D. Sweet Grass is threatened because of overcollection. Sedge Meadow: edges of wet woods and in wet meadows; found south of the ceded territories, although it is found in scattered locations in Rush and Dunn counties.
Switchgrass	Panicum virgatum	Medicinal Plants	Perennial tall grass; 3 - 6 feet tall; Flowers: August - September. Leaves are green to bluish-green, with a small triangular patch of dense hair where the blade joins the stem.The sheaths are often purplish or reddish at the base. The roots of this grass are quite vigorous, sometimes reaching down 10 to 11 feet. Reproduces from seeds, tillers, and rhizomes.		Prefers moist open areas. Can tolerate short periods of flooding.
Tansy, Common Tansy	Tanacetum vulgare	Medicinal Plants	Although it is in the Aster Family, it does not have the petal-like flowers. Instead, the flowering parts look like golden buttons, set in a flat-topped array. 1 - 4 1/2 ft. tall with dissected, fern-like leaves.	Also used as hunting & fishing-used in smoke to attract deer.	Roadsides, fields, Scattered throughout our area. Old Fields: found in clumps along roadsides, old fields, and other frequently disturbed areas.
Tarwi, Choco	Lupinus mutabilis	Bean	Contains 40% protein (rich in lysine) and 20% oil; food crop and ornamental; brilliant blue blossoms. Corn, potato, quinoa and tarwi form the basis of the Highland Indian diet. Mixing tarwi and cereals make a food that is, in its balance of amino acids, almost ideal for humans. Can be cultivated on marginal soils; strong taproot loosens soils (and because it is a legume), its surface roots collect nitrogen from the air.	Most often served in soups.	South American, Andes.
Thistle, Milk, Marian Thistle	Silybum marianum [Carduus marianus]	Medicinal Plants	Annual or biennial thistle; to 6 ft. Leaves mottled or streaked with white veins; sharp-spined, clasping. Fowers purple tufts; receptacle densely bristle-spined, flowers June - Sept.	Used for Food-vegetable.	Escaped from cultivation, common in Calif. Alien (Europe).
Tobacco (500 Year Old)	Nicotiana Sp. or Lobelia inflata	Tobacco Tribal
Tobacco (Algonqoian)	Nicotiana Sp. or Lobelia inflata	Tobacco Tribal
Tobacco (Blackfoot)	Nicotiana Sp. or Lobelia inflata	Tobacco Tribal
Tobacco (Chippewa, Red Cliff, WI)	Nicotiana Sp. or Lobelia inflata	Tobacco Tribal
Tobacco (Lakota)	Nicotiana Sp. or Lobelia inflata	Tobacco Tribal
Tobacco (Mandan)	Nicotiana Sp. or Lobelia inflata	Tobacco Tribal			Missouri River Valley, Plains.
Tobacco (Micmac)	Nicotiana Sp. or Lobelia inflata	Tobacco Tribal
Tobacco (Midewin)	Nicotiana Sp. or Lobelia inflata	Tobacco Tribal
Tobacco (Mohawk)	Nicotiana Sp. or Lobelia inflata	Tobacco Tribal
Tobacco (Navajo)	Nicotiana Sp. or Lobelia inflata	Tobacco Tribal
Tobacco (Ojibway, Canada)	Nicotiana Sp. or Lobelia inflata	Tobacco Tribal
Tobacco (Pima)	Nicotiana rustica	Tobacco Tribal
Tobacco (Winnebago, WI)	Nicotiana Sp. or Lobelia inflata	Tobacco Tribal
Tobacco (Zuni)	Nicotiana Sp. or Lobelia inflata	Tobacco Tribal
Tobacco Pods (Pima)	Nicotiana rustica	Tobacco Tribal
Tobacco, (Cherokee)	Nicotiana Sp. or Lobelia inflata	Tobacco Tribal
Tobacco, (Iroquoian Cayaga)	Nicotiana Sp. or Lobelia inflata	Tobacco Tribal
Tobacco, 800 Year Old	Nicotiana Sp. or Lobelia inflata	Tobacco Tribal
Tobacco, Canada (Cree)	Nicotiana Sp. or Lobelia inflata	Tobacco Tribal
Tobacco, USA	Nicotiana multivalvus	Tobacco Tribal
Tomato, Garden, Purple Tomato (Cherokee)	Lycopersicon esculentum	Tomato	L. esculentuem is an Annual herb, strong-scented; leaves alternate, simple but deeply pinnately lobed and toothed; flowers 5-parted, yellow; fruit a red or yellow berry. Edible Parts: Berries (tomatoes) edible when unripe (green) or ripe (red), and raw, cooked, or dried. Cherokee purple is a rather short staking variety said to have been grown by the Cherokee tribe of USA at least since the late 1800's. This is a large (250 grams/9oz or more) dirty pinky-purple colored fruit with brownish shoulders.The flesh is soft, brick colored with green gel. It is one of the sweetest (if not the sweetest) large tomatoes available. It has little acid. Mid season. Pin-coholate with handsome green stipes on shoulders, round to oblong. It is a herbaceous perennial, but in northern climates is grown as an annual, since in most parts of the U.S. the plant is killed by frost before completing the first year's growth.	Used for food-fruit.
Tomato, Pomme d'amour, Love Apple, Pomodori, Pom D'Amor	Lycopersicon esculentum (or Physalis subulata)	Tomato	L. esculentuem is an Annual herb, strong-scented; leaves alternate, simple but deeply pinnately lobed and toothed; flowers 5-parted, yellow; fruit a red or yellow berry. Edible Parts: Berries (tomatoes) edible when unripe (green) or ripe (red), and raw, cooked, or dried. Tomatoes originated in South America. The wild plants still grow in Peru and Ecuador but do not resemble the tomato as we know it today because of breeding. When the Spanish inhabited South America, they sent the plants home to Spain. The tomatoes culinary possibilities came into being when a Moor took a specimen home to Morocco. From there an Italian sailor acquired it and carried it to Italy where it became part of the national cuisine. Europe began using tomatoes in the 16th century. In the New World, the Puritans avoided them because of their shape and color. They believed tomatoes were an aphrodisiac. The French settlers used them for cooking. Thomas Jefferson grew tomatoes as an ornamental in 1781 and later grew it for food. In 1806 Bernard McMahon referred to is as a love apple and encouraged it for culinary use. This is a pre - 1800 French variety. Pink ripening to scarlet red, this tomato is a large cherry type 1.5 x 2 and the vines are very productive.	Used for Food-fruit.
Turtlehead, Balmony, White Turtlehead	Chelone glabra	Medicinal Plants	Smooth perennial; 2-3 ft. Stem somewhat 4-angled. Leaves lance-shaped to oval, toothed. Flowers white to pink, swollen; in tight clusters atop plant; July-Oct. Flowers 2 -lipped; with swollen, strongly arching upper lip (resembling a turtle's head, hence the name).	Generally: Tea of flowering tops to treat worms, also as a contrceptive to prevent pregnancy. Leaf tea said to stimulate appetite. Also used for Food.	Moist soils. Nfld. to Ga.; Mo. to Minn., Ont.
Umbrella Wort, Heart Leaved Umbrella Wort, Wild Four O'Clock, Four O'Clock	Mirabilis coccineus, Mirabilis nyctaginea	Medicinal Plants	M. nyctaginea: Perennial; 1-5 ft. Leavs opposite, heart-shaped. Pink to purple flowers atop a 5-lobed, green, veiny cup or bracts; June-Oct.. M. coccineus: Perennial to 3 1/2'. Flowers magenta, tubular, to 1 1/2" wide, with 5 notched petal lobes and long stamens. Leaves simple, smooth-edged, opposite, and linear to 4 long. Flowers bloom April to May and August to November	Generally: root tea used for burns, fevers, and to expel worms; externally, root poulticed for sprains, burns, sores, and swelling. Leaf (or root) tea used for bladder ailments. Also used as insecticide.	M. nyctaginea: Praires, rich soil. Wisc. to Ala.; Texas to Mont.; escaped and weedy eastward.
Watermelon (Arikara)	Citrullus lanatus	Watermelon		Also used for food-winter, dried, fruit, porridge, "piki."
Western Wall Flower, Prairie-rocket, Wallflower, Plains Wallflower	Erysimum asperum	Medicinal Plants	Biennial or short-lived perennial; 8 - 18 inches tall. Often a single stem arises from a basal cluster of leaves. The stems grow from five to forty inches long. Basal leaves are one to five inches long and are elliptical or spatula-shaped in outline. Stem leaves are smaller towards the top of the stem. Both the stem and the leaves have tiny Y or pick-shaped hairs, called malpigian hairs. The hairs are attached at their middle to the stem or leaf. Dense clusters of yellow flowers occur at the top of the plant and have four petals and six stamens which are arranged in a cross pattern. Occasionally, some flowers have an orange tint or may be completely orange. Flowers are about one half inch across. The flowers of wallflower have a aroma that is slightly sweet with a touch of ammonia. This attracts short-tongued insects, such as flies and some smaller bees. The fruits that form are called silicles, long narrow pods that are one to five inches long and contain small, black seeds.		Grows in low elevation shrublands, mountain brush, pinyon-juniper, ponderosa pine, aspen, Douglas fir, and spruce-fir to alpine communities. It grows in a variety of soil types. Prefers open, dry prairies, pastures, and sand hills. Found from the Yukon Territory south to California and Arizona and eastward to Oklahoma, Kansas and Minnesota.
Wheat, Trigo	Triticum sp.?	Grain
Wina-Wazi-Hutkan (puccoon?)		Medicinal Plants
Wood Sage, Germander, Wild basil	Teucrium canadense	Medicinal Plants	Variable perennial; 1 - 3 ft. Leaves oval to lance-shaped, toothed, white-hairy beneath. Flowers purple, pink, or whitish; June - September, Calyx felty, stamens protrude from cleft of upper lip.		Woods, thickets. Throughout our area.
Yarrow, Common Yarrow, Bloodwort, Gordaldo, Milfoil, Nosebleed, Old man's pepper, Sanguinary, Soldier's woundwort, Woundwort, Stanchgrass, Thousand-leaf	Achillea millefolium	Medicinal Plants	Soft, fragrant perennial; 1 - 3 ft. Leaves lacy, finely dissected. Flowers white (less frequently pink), in flat clusters; May-Oct. Each tiny flowerhead has 5 petal-like rays that are usually slightly wider than long; each ray has 3 teeth at tip.	Also used as: beverage; fish preservative; incense and fragrance; lynx bait; insecticide; and protection to keep witches away.	Fields, roadsides, old fields.
Yucca, Small Soapweed, Bear Grass, Soapweed, Narrow Leaved Yucca, Great Plains Yucca	Yucca glauca	Medicinal Plants	Blue-green perennial; 2 - 4 ft. Leaves in a rosette; stiff, swordlike; rounded on back, margins rolled in. Flowers whitish bells; May - July	Generally: Poulticed root on inflammations, used to stop bleeding; also in steam bath for sprains and broken limbs; hair wash for dandruff and baldness. Leaf juice used to make poison arrows. Also used for food-dried, fruit, vegetable, forage, winter use, cake, starvation food; fiber-basketry, cordage, sewing material, brushes, mats; dye-black, red; soap; containers; fuel; hide preparations; tools; decorations; fasteners; Ceremonial; toys & games.	Dry soils. Iowa to Texas; Mo. to N.D.